Table 3 Construct and measurement items...

Table 3

Construct and measurement items description

Code	Items	Standardized factor loadings	t-value	Source
	Adaptability
AD1	We can adjust our strategies quickly in response to changes in the environment	0.852	20.875	Shi et al. (2023), Srinivasan and Swink (2015)
AD2	We have the flexibility to modify our processes to meet new CSC requirements	0.815	18.813
AD3	Our organization is responsive to emerging trends and changes in the market	0.996	***
	Communication channels
CC1	Real-time communication tools are accessible to all team members involved in our processes	0.658	9.006	Gattiker et al. (2007), Paulraj et al. (2008)
CC2	Our communication with supply chain partners is regular and transparent	0.803	10.124
CC3	We use multiple channels (e.g. email, phone, meetings) to communicate effectively with our supply chain partners	0.76	***
	Collaborative learning
CL1	We share insights from previous projects to improve future collaborations	0.751	10.183	Ramanathan and Gunasekaran (2014), Tan (2016)
CL2	We actively engage in joint problem-solving with our partners	0.738	10.082
CL3	We regularly evaluate and improve our collaborative processes based on shared learning	0.788	***
	Organizational trust
IOT1	We trust that our partners act in our best interest	0.834	9.485	Leung et al. (2022), Tatham and Kovács (2010)
IOT2	Our partners are reliable in fulfilling their commitments	0.654	8.863
IOT3	We believe our partners are honest and transparent in their dealings with us	0.749	***
	Risk perception
PR1	We are confident in the potential benefits of collaborating on CSC initiatives	0.848	12.552	Erskine et al. (2022), Lahane et al. (2020)
PR2	We believe that the risks associated with CSC initiatives are manageable	0.828	12.431
PR3	We are willing to accept potential losses to achieve long-term CSC benefits	0.778	***
	Information sharing
IS1	We regularly share updated information with our supply chain partners	0.84	12.597	Batista et al. (2018), Koh et al. (2017)
IS2	Our information-sharing practices are transparent and accessible to all relevant partners	0.744	11.683
IS3	We provide timely updates to our partners about any relevant changes affecting the supply chain	0.837	***
	Shared goals and objectives
SGO1	We share common values with our partners	0.844	13.021	Genovese et al. (2017), Yu et al. (2022)
SGO2	Our collaboration aligns with mutual long-term goals	0.857	13.129
SGO3	We prioritize similar objectives with our partners to achieve common outcomes	0.781	***
	Circular supply chain
CSC1	We prioritize using recycled materials in our products and processes	0.908	24.652	Del Giudice et al. (2020), Malhotra (2024)
CSC2	Our organization collaborates with suppliers to minimize waste across the supply chain	0.948	28.643
CSC3	We actively implement processes to extend the lifecycle of our products	0.963	30.441
CSC4	We encourage reverse logistics to manage product returns and recycling	0.929	***

Code	Items	Standardized factor loadings	t-value	Source
	Adaptability
AD1	We can adjust our strategies quickly in response to changes in the environment	0.852	20.875	Shi et al. (2023), Srinivasan and Swink (2015)
AD2	We have the flexibility to modify our processes to meet new CSC requirements	0.815	18.813
AD3	Our organization is responsive to emerging trends and changes in the market	0.996	***
	Communication channels
CC1	Real-time communication tools are accessible to all team members involved in our processes	0.658	9.006	Gattiker et al. (2007), Paulraj et al. (2008)
CC2	Our communication with supply chain partners is regular and transparent	0.803	10.124
CC3	We use multiple channels (e.g. email, phone, meetings) to communicate effectively with our supply chain partners	0.76	***
	Collaborative learning
CL1	We share insights from previous projects to improve future collaborations	0.751	10.183	Ramanathan and Gunasekaran (2014), Tan (2016)
CL2	We actively engage in joint problem-solving with our partners	0.738	10.082
CL3	We regularly evaluate and improve our collaborative processes based on shared learning	0.788	***
	Organizational trust
IOT1	We trust that our partners act in our best interest	0.834	9.485	Leung et al. (2022), Tatham and Kovács (2010)
IOT2	Our partners are reliable in fulfilling their commitments	0.654	8.863
IOT3	We believe our partners are honest and transparent in their dealings with us	0.749	***
	Risk perception
PR1	We are confident in the potential benefits of collaborating on CSC initiatives	0.848	12.552	Erskine et al. (2022), Lahane et al. (2020)
PR2	We believe that the risks associated with CSC initiatives are manageable	0.828	12.431
PR3	We are willing to accept potential losses to achieve long-term CSC benefits	0.778	***
	Information sharing
IS1	We regularly share updated information with our supply chain partners	0.84	12.597	Batista et al. (2018), Koh et al. (2017)
IS2	Our information-sharing practices are transparent and accessible to all relevant partners	0.744	11.683
IS3	We provide timely updates to our partners about any relevant changes affecting the supply chain	0.837	***
	Shared goals and objectives
SGO1	We share common values with our partners	0.844	13.021	Genovese et al. (2017), Yu et al. (2022)
SGO2	Our collaboration aligns with mutual long-term goals	0.857	13.129
SGO3	We prioritize similar objectives with our partners to achieve common outcomes	0.781	***
	Circular supply chain
CSC1	We prioritize using recycled materials in our products and processes	0.908	24.652	Del Giudice et al. (2020), Malhotra (2024)
CSC2	Our organization collaborates with suppliers to minimize waste across the supply chain	0.948	28.643
CSC3	We actively implement processes to extend the lifecycle of our products	0.963	30.441
CSC4	We encourage reverse logistics to manage product returns and recycling	0.929	***

Note(s): *** indicates a parameter that was fixed at 1.0

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