Table 3

Invariants and adaptable interfaces in the teaching clinic (selected examples)

InvariantAdaptable interfaceExample
Bottom-up case intakeRecruitment channelPersonal networks (Austria) vs. school board invitations (Greece) vs. institutional partnerships (Indonesia)
Triadic role structureGroup size; degree levelTeams of 3–5 in a master's-level implementation vs. individual students in a bachelor's-level implementation at the second Austrian institution
Predictable collaboration routinesMeeting formatBi-weekly in person (Austria), monthly online (Erasmus + consortium), hybrid (post-COVID)
Shared boundary artefactsLanguage and mediumGerman print reflection diary (early cohorts), English digital templates (consortium), local-language adaptations (Greece, Spain)
Capacity scaffoldsSupport format; scopeSelf-paced online modules (full autonomy) vs. live workshops (guided inquiry)
Routinised disseminationOutput format and venuePoster session, written report, video summary (Indonesia pilot)
Research-as-service logicCredit load and curricular embeddingFull-credit research methods course (originating institution) vs. reduced-credit professional development seminar (second Austrian institution) vs. interdisciplinary elective (Indonesia)

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