Table 2 Key economic commodities of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Key economic commodities of Tunisia identified through the Leontief and extended input–output models

Strong	Linkage index => 1
Intermediate	1>linkage index=>0.9
Weak	0.9>linkage index
Leontief model
Key sectors
		Forward linkages
		Strong	Intermediate	Weak
Backward linkages	Strong	Miscellaneous; oil refining; chemical; mechanical and electrical	Textile, clothing and leather	Food and beverage; tobacco; building materials, ceramics and glass; mines; electricity and gas; building and civil engineering; maintenance and repair
	Intermediate	Nil	Nil	Hotel and restaurant services
	Weak	Oil and natural gas extraction; transport; other merchant services	Financial services; services provided by associative organizations, domestic services	Agriculture and fisheries; water; commerce; post and telecommunications; non-market services including public administration

Strong	Linkage index => 1
Intermediate	1>linkage index=>0.9
Weak	0.9>linkage index
Leontief model
Key sectors
		Forward linkages
		Strong	Intermediate	Weak
Backward linkages	Strong	Miscellaneous; oil refining; chemical; mechanical and electrical	Textile, clothing and leather	Food and beverage; tobacco; building materials, ceramics and glass; mines; electricity and gas; building and civil engineering; maintenance and repair
	Intermediate	Nil	Nil	Hotel and restaurant services
	Weak	Oil and natural gas extraction; transport; other merchant services	Financial services; services provided by associative organizations, domestic services	Agriculture and fisheries; water; commerce; post and telecommunications; non-market services including public administration

Extended IO model
Key sectors
		Forward linkages
		Strong	Intermediate	Weak
Backward linkages	Strong	Textile, clothing and leather; miscellaneous; chemical; oil and natural gas extraction	Nil	Tobacco; oil refining; building materials, ceramics and glass; mines; electricity and gas; water; transport; services provided by associative organizations, domestic services
	Intermediate	Agriculture and fisheries; food and beverage; mechanical and electrical; other merchant services; non-market services including public administration	Hotel and restaurant services	Building and civil engineering; maintenance and repair; commerce; post and telecommunications; financial services
	Weak	Nil	Nil	Nil

Extended IO model
Key sectors
		Forward linkages
		Strong	Intermediate	Weak
Backward linkages	Strong	Textile, clothing and leather; miscellaneous; chemical; oil and natural gas extraction	Nil	Tobacco; oil refining; building materials, ceramics and glass; mines; electricity and gas; water; transport; services provided by associative organizations, domestic services
	Intermediate	Agriculture and fisheries; food and beverage; mechanical and electrical; other merchant services; non-market services including public administration	Hotel and restaurant services	Building and civil engineering; maintenance and repair; commerce; post and telecommunications; financial services
	Weak	Nil	Nil	Nil

Source(s): Adapted from Ahmed et al. (2025) and authors' elaboration