Table 1 Multi-level model results:...

Table 1

Multi-level model results: relationship between investigations completed and spring 2024 science scores, by student subgroup

Subgroup	β (coefficient)	p-value	Percentile point increase (WWC index)
Overall	0.050	0.006**	+1.7
Female	0.048	0.045*	+1.8
Male		0.061
Asian		0.144
Black	0.061	0.028*	+2.3
Hispanic	0.056	0.042*	+2.1
Multiracial		0.464
White		0.354
ELL	0.182	0.009**	+6.7
Students with Disabilities		0.410
Gifted		0.810

Subgroup	β (coefficient)	p-value	Percentile point increase (WWC index)
Overall	0.050	0.006**	+1.7
Female	0.048	0.045*	+1.8
Male		0.061
Asian		0.144
Black	0.061	0.028*	+2.3
Hispanic	0.056	0.042*	+2.1
Multiracial		0.464
White		0.354
ELL	0.182	0.009**	+6.7
Students with Disabilities		0.410
Gifted		0.810

Note(s): p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***)

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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