Table 2. Descriptive statistics...

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics

Variables	Mean	SD	Min.	Max.
(1) CSR controversies score	10.528	24.051	0.000	99.000
(2) CSR incentives	0.286	0.452	0.000	1.000
(3) Complexity	0.085	0.090	0.004	0.574
(4) Munificence	0.013	0.200	−1.000	6.922
(5) Dynamism	0.049	0.069	0.005	1.245
(6) CEO duality	0.552	0.497	0.000	1.000
(7) Log(board_size)	2.282	0.302	1.386	3.045
(8) Sustainability committee	0.466	0.499	0.000	1.000
(9) Log(firm_age)	8.399	1.473	3.613	11.76
(10) Log(employees)	4.036	0.756	0.000	6.362
(11) Log(ROA)	−2.577	0.801	−15.381	−0.933
(12) Log(Tobin’s Q)	0.044	0.854	−2.847	2.366
(13) Log(leverage)	−0.332	0.969	−7.604	3.270
(14) CSR rating score	46.439	20.804	7.971	88.759
(15) Log(tangability)	−1.069	0.672	−4.888	−0.013
(16) Sales growth	0.096	0.235	−0.713	4.253

Variables	Mean	SD	Min.	Max.
(1) CSR controversies score	10.528	24.051	0.000	99.000
(2) CSR incentives	0.286	0.452	0.000	1.000
(3) Complexity	0.085	0.090	0.004	0.574
(4) Munificence	0.013	0.200	−1.000	6.922
(5) Dynamism	0.049	0.069	0.005	1.245
(6) CEO duality	0.552	0.497	0.000	1.000
(7) Log(board_size)	2.282	0.302	1.386	3.045
(8) Sustainability committee	0.466	0.499	0.000	1.000
(9) Log(firm_age)	8.399	1.473	3.613	11.76
(10) Log(employees)	4.036	0.756	0.000	6.362
(11) Log(ROA)	−2.577	0.801	−15.381	−0.933
(12) Log(Tobin’s Q)	0.044	0.854	−2.847	2.366
(13) Log(leverage)	−0.332	0.969	−7.604	3.270
(14) CSR rating score	46.439	20.804	7.971	88.759
(15) Log(tangability)	−1.069	0.672	−4.888	−0.013
(16) Sales growth	0.096	0.235	−0.713	4.253

Note(s):

This table presents descriptive statistics for key variables on CSR, firm characteristics and governance. Reported are the mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum. CSR controversies score measures the level of controversies a firm faces; CSR incentives indicate whether management compensation is linked to CSR criteria; CSR rating score reflects overall CSR performance. Governance variables include CEO duality (CEO also serves as board chair), Log(board_size), and the presence of a sustainability committee. Firm characteristics include Log(firm_age), Log(employees), complexity, munificence, dynamism and Log(tangibility). Log(leverage) measures debt relative to total assets; sales growth captures revenue growth. Financial performance variables include Log(ROA) and Log(Tobin’s Q), representing profitability and market valuation

Source(s): Author’s own creation

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