Table 4.

Results of the stationarity tests

VariableAbsolute valueFirst-difference
Ranking8.4−0.1
Sustainability courses8.0−3.8***
Sustainability publications16.1−5.9***
Citations−4.6***−12.8***
Sustainability spinoffs−0.1−6.2***
Green patents−4.0***−6.0***
Size−9.5***−5.8***
STEM-faculty ratio0.3−13.7***
Tuition−5.3***−9.4***
Note(s):

This table reports the results of the Levin–Lin–Chu test for stationarity, which is conducted only on continuous variables. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

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