Table 2. Identified capabilities... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Identified capabilities

Capability	Definition	Activities	Sources
Inventory management	Ability to deliberately manage the movement and positioning of inventory	Products moved to avoid becoming obsolete Strategic buffering	Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Carvalho et al. (2013), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Colicchia et al. (2011), Dittfeld et al. (2022), Elzarka (2021), Küffner et al. (2022), Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2021), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015) and Vanany et al. (2024)
Supply chain control	Ability to strengthen oversight of procurement and supplier relations	Centralization of supply functions Securing suitable contracts Increase supply chain visibility Reducing supply chain complexity	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Belhadi et al. (2024), Betto and Garengo (2023), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Day et al. (2024), Dittfeld et al. (2022, 2021), Domingos et al. (2024, Enz et al. (2024), Küffner et al. (2022), Mandal et al. (2016), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Nagariya et al. (2024), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Paul et al. (2023), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Silva and Ruel (2022), Spieske et al. (2022) and Trabucco and De Giovanni (2021)
Disruption-specific adaptation	Ability to allow rapid process adjustments	Implementation of disaster protocols quickly and suitable response to specific disruptions	Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Dittfeld et al. (2021), Enz et al. (2024), Nagariya et al. (2024), Paul et al. (2023), Peters et al. (2023), Vanany et al. (2024) and Yang and Hsu (2018)
Stakeholder coordination	Ability to engage external actors	Rapid communication Mutual support through external stakeholders	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Dittfeld et al. (2022), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Moyo et al. (2026), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Paul et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Vanany et al. (2024) and Zighan et al. (2024)
Supply assurance	Ability to secure operational continuity	Building redundancy in supply Relocation of supply chain activities Maintaining flexibility with suppliers	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Belhadi et al. (2024), Bugvi et al. (2024), Carvalho et al. (2013), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Colicchia et al. (2011), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Day et al. (2024), Dittfeld et al. (2022, 2021), Domingos et al. (2024), Echefaj et al. (2024), Elzarka (2021), Enz et al. (2024), Farrukh and Sajjad (2025), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Kouam (2025), Küffner et al. (2022), Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2021), Majumdar and Srivastava (2025), Mandal et al. (2016), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Nagariya et al. (2024), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Ocicka et al. (2022), Okorie et al. (2020), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Spieske et al. (2022), Trabucco and De Giovanni (2021) and Vanany et al. (2024)
Market intelligence	Ability to understand and anticipate change	Understanding demand patterns Basing decisions on demand patterns	Cohen et al. (2022), Nagariya et al. (2024) and Vanany et al. (2024)
Process efficiency	Ability to maintain efficient processes	Efficient utilization of inputs Minimize waste	Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dittfeld et al. (2022, 2021), Elzarka (2021), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Küffner et al. (2022), Nagariya et al. (2024), Okorie et al. (2020), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten et al. (2025), Scholten and Schilder (2015) and Zighan et al. (2024)
Process flexibility	Ability to adapt operations to changing conditions or requirements	Flexibility in processes to allow adaptation Matching supply capacity with demand	Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dittfeld et al. (2022, 2021), Domingos et al. (2024), Elzarka (2021), Küffner et al. (2022), Madhavika et al. (2024), Majumdar and Srivastava (2025), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Nagariya et al. (2024), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Okorie et al. (2020), Paul et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Spieske et al. (2022), Vanany et al. (2024) and Zhang and Zhao (2025)
Lead time reduction	Ability to ensure a quick supply chain	Acceleration of in bound logistics processes Acceleration of out bound logistics processes	Elzarka (2021), Mandal et al. (2016), Nagariya et al. (2024) and Norrman and Wieland (2020)
Supplier development	Ability to jointly enhance supplier resilience	Increasing supplier ability to maintain continuous operations Enabling continuous and reliable supply	Betto and Garengo (2023), Cohen et al. (2022), Day et al. (2024), Dittfeld et al. (2022), Elzarka (2021), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Norrman and Wieland (2020) and Silva and Ruel (2022)
Financial resource control	Ability to manage and leverage financial flow	Systematic management of internal financial flow Systematic management of external financial flows	Cohen et al. (2022), Nagariya et al. (2024), Tanveer et al. (2025) and Zhang and Zhao (2025)
Supply chain integration	Ability to strengthen the coordination with supply chain partners	Integration of supply chain actors Cooperation with supply chain actors	Belhadi et al. (2024), Bugvi et al. (2024), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cho et al. (2025), Cohen et al. (2022), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Day et al. (2024), Dittfeld et al. (2022), Domingos et al. (2024), Elzarka (2021), Enz et al. (2024), Küffner et al. (2022), Madhavika et al. (2024), Mandal et al. (2016), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Nagariya et al. (2024), Paul et al. (2023), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Silva and Ruel (2022), Spieske et al. (2022), Tao et al. (2025), Trabucco and De Giovanni (2021), Yang and Hsu (2018) and Zighan et al. (2024)
Supply localization	Ability to reduce reliance on distant suppliers	Source nearby Reducing distance to supplier	Cohen et al. (2022), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014) and Sharma et al. (2025)
Transport flexibility	Ability to maintain resilient logistics	Use of multiple transportation modes Ensuring transportation mode adaptability Transportation through 3PL	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Carvalho et al. (2013), Colicchia et al. (2011), Enz et al. (2024), Küffner et al. (2022), Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2021), Majumdar and Srivastava (2025), Nandy et al. (2025), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Okorie et al. (2020), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Spieske et al. (2022) and Vanany et al. (2024)
Market responsiveness	Ability to sustain and increase revenue	Create more time to sell products Discounts to sell more Offer security to customers Keep customers engaged Use of multiple sales channels	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dittfeld et al. (2021), Elzarka (2021), Enz et al. (2024), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Kouam (2025), Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2021), Paul et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Spieske et al. (2022) and Trabucco and De Giovanni (2021)
Workforce management	Ability to balance cost efficiency, flexibility, and employee well-being	Temporary lowering salary Flexible allocation of employees Maintaining expected work environment and employee safety	Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Kouam (2025), Madhavika et al. (2024), Nagariya et al. (2024), Sharma et al. (2025) and Vanany et al. (2024)

Capability	Definition	Activities	Sources
Inventory management	Ability to deliberately manage the movement and positioning of inventory	Products moved to avoid becoming obsolete Strategic buffering	Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Carvalho et al. (2013), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Colicchia et al. (2011), Dittfeld et al. (2022), Elzarka (2021), Küffner et al. (2022), Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2021), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015) and Vanany et al. (2024)
Supply chain control	Ability to strengthen oversight of procurement and supplier relations	Centralization of supply functions Securing suitable contracts Increase supply chain visibility Reducing supply chain complexity	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Belhadi et al. (2024), Betto and Garengo (2023), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Day et al. (2024), Dittfeld et al. (2022, 2021), Domingos et al. (2024, Enz et al. (2024), Küffner et al. (2022), Mandal et al. (2016), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Nagariya et al. (2024), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Paul et al. (2023), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Silva and Ruel (2022), Spieske et al. (2022) and Trabucco and De Giovanni (2021)
Disruption-specific adaptation	Ability to allow rapid process adjustments	Implementation of disaster protocols quickly and suitable response to specific disruptions	Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Dittfeld et al. (2021), Enz et al. (2024), Nagariya et al. (2024), Paul et al. (2023), Peters et al. (2023), Vanany et al. (2024) and Yang and Hsu (2018)
Stakeholder coordination	Ability to engage external actors	Rapid communication Mutual support through external stakeholders	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Dittfeld et al. (2022), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Moyo et al. (2026), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Paul et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Vanany et al. (2024) and Zighan et al. (2024)
Supply assurance	Ability to secure operational continuity	Building redundancy in supply Relocation of supply chain activities Maintaining flexibility with suppliers	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Belhadi et al. (2024), Bugvi et al. (2024), Carvalho et al. (2013), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Colicchia et al. (2011), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Day et al. (2024), Dittfeld et al. (2022, 2021), Domingos et al. (2024), Echefaj et al. (2024), Elzarka (2021), Enz et al. (2024), Farrukh and Sajjad (2025), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Kouam (2025), Küffner et al. (2022), Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2021), Majumdar and Srivastava (2025), Mandal et al. (2016), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Nagariya et al. (2024), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Ocicka et al. (2022), Okorie et al. (2020), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Spieske et al. (2022), Trabucco and De Giovanni (2021) and Vanany et al. (2024)
Market intelligence	Ability to understand and anticipate change	Understanding demand patterns Basing decisions on demand patterns	Cohen et al. (2022), Nagariya et al. (2024) and Vanany et al. (2024)
Process efficiency	Ability to maintain efficient processes	Efficient utilization of inputs Minimize waste	Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dittfeld et al. (2022, 2021), Elzarka (2021), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Küffner et al. (2022), Nagariya et al. (2024), Okorie et al. (2020), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten et al. (2025), Scholten and Schilder (2015) and Zighan et al. (2024)
Process flexibility	Ability to adapt operations to changing conditions or requirements	Flexibility in processes to allow adaptation Matching supply capacity with demand	Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dittfeld et al. (2022, 2021), Domingos et al. (2024), Elzarka (2021), Küffner et al. (2022), Madhavika et al. (2024), Majumdar and Srivastava (2025), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Nagariya et al. (2024), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Okorie et al. (2020), Paul et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Spieske et al. (2022), Vanany et al. (2024) and Zhang and Zhao (2025)
Lead time reduction	Ability to ensure a quick supply chain	Acceleration of in bound logistics processes Acceleration of out bound logistics processes	Elzarka (2021), Mandal et al. (2016), Nagariya et al. (2024) and Norrman and Wieland (2020)
Supplier development	Ability to jointly enhance supplier resilience	Increasing supplier ability to maintain continuous operations Enabling continuous and reliable supply	Betto and Garengo (2023), Cohen et al. (2022), Day et al. (2024), Dittfeld et al. (2022), Elzarka (2021), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Norrman and Wieland (2020) and Silva and Ruel (2022)
Financial resource control	Ability to manage and leverage financial flow	Systematic management of internal financial flow Systematic management of external financial flows	Cohen et al. (2022), Nagariya et al. (2024), Tanveer et al. (2025) and Zhang and Zhao (2025)
Supply chain integration	Ability to strengthen the coordination with supply chain partners	Integration of supply chain actors Cooperation with supply chain actors	Belhadi et al. (2024), Bugvi et al. (2024), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cho et al. (2025), Cohen et al. (2022), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Day et al. (2024), Dittfeld et al. (2022), Domingos et al. (2024), Elzarka (2021), Enz et al. (2024), Küffner et al. (2022), Madhavika et al. (2024), Mandal et al. (2016), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014), Nagariya et al. (2024), Paul et al. (2023), Peters et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Silva and Ruel (2022), Spieske et al. (2022), Tao et al. (2025), Trabucco and De Giovanni (2021), Yang and Hsu (2018) and Zighan et al. (2024)
Supply localization	Ability to reduce reliance on distant suppliers	Source nearby Reducing distance to supplier	Cohen et al. (2022), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Mohd Rashid et al. (2014) and Sharma et al. (2025)
Transport flexibility	Ability to maintain resilient logistics	Use of multiple transportation modes Ensuring transportation mode adaptability Transportation through 3PL	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Carvalho et al. (2013), Colicchia et al. (2011), Enz et al. (2024), Küffner et al. (2022), Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2021), Majumdar and Srivastava (2025), Nandy et al. (2025), Norrman and Wieland (2020), Okorie et al. (2020), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Spieske et al. (2022) and Vanany et al. (2024)
Market responsiveness	Ability to sustain and increase revenue	Create more time to sell products Discounts to sell more Offer security to customers Keep customers engaged Use of multiple sales channels	Alvarenga et al. (2023), Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Chowdhury et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dittfeld et al. (2021), Elzarka (2021), Enz et al. (2024), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Kouam (2025), Lopez-Ridaura et al. (2021), Paul et al. (2023), Scholten and Schilder (2015), Spieske et al. (2022) and Trabucco and De Giovanni (2021)
Workforce management	Ability to balance cost efficiency, flexibility, and employee well-being	Temporary lowering salary Flexible allocation of employees Maintaining expected work environment and employee safety	Bastas and Garza-Reyes (2022), Cherrafi et al. (2022), Cohen et al. (2022), Dabhilkar et al. (2016), Kaeo-Tad et al. (2021), Kouam (2025), Madhavika et al. (2024), Nagariya et al. (2024), Sharma et al. (2025) and Vanany et al. (2024)

Source(s): Authors’ own work