Table 2 Data exploration and construct...

Table 2

Data exploration and construct development (ECS 2019 management respondents)

Factor and item factor loading	PCA
Factor 1: Firm performance (FP)	α^a = 0.59
1.1 Current company financial performance (0–2, Q-69)^c	0.81
1.2 Profit expectation this year (0–1, Q-70)^c	0.75
1.3 Change in production volume (goods/services) in last three years (0–2, Q-68)^c	0.61
1.4 Projected change in employees in the next three years (0–2, Q-71)^c	0.51
Factor 2: Data analytics (DA)	α = 0.85
2.1 Data analytics usage for process and product improvement (0–1, Q-22)^c
2.2 Change in use of data analytics in last three years (0–2, Q-24)
Factor 3: Innovation capability (INNOVATION)	α = 0.70
3.1 Significant change in products or services in last three years (0–2, Q-9)^c
3.2 Significant change in processes in last three years (0–2, Q-10)^c
Factor 4: Employee involvement (INVOLVEMENT)	α = 0.64
Team orientation
4.1 Employees working in single team vs. working in more than one team (0–1, Q-17)	0.63
4.2 Employees' team autonomy in dividing the work within teams (0–1, Q-18)^c	0.66
Employee development
4.3 Employee participation in training during paid working time (0–6, Q-37)	0.50
4.4 Employee participation in on-the-job training (0–6, Q-38)	0.54
Empowerment
4.5 Employee tasks controlled by managers vs. facilitation autonomous execution (0–1, Q-26)	(0.40)^b
4.6 Employee independence in organizing and scheduling own time and tasks (0–6, Q-30)	(0.44)^b
4.7 Involvement of employee suggestions in management decision making (0–1, Q-54)^c	(0.36)^b
4.8 Involvement of employees in work organization changes (0–3, Q-56)^c	0.50
4.9 Involvement of employees in management decision making (0–3, Q-57A-D)^c	0.51

Factor and item factor loading	PCA
Factor 1: Firm performance (FP)	α^a = 0.59
1.1 Current company financial performance (0–2, Q-69)^c	0.81
1.2 Profit expectation this year (0–1, Q-70)^c	0.75
1.3 Change in production volume (goods/services) in last three years (0–2, Q-68)^c	0.61
1.4 Projected change in employees in the next three years (0–2, Q-71)^c	0.51
Factor 2: Data analytics (DA)	α = 0.85
2.1 Data analytics usage for process and product improvement (0–1, Q-22)^c
2.2 Change in use of data analytics in last three years (0–2, Q-24)
Factor 3: Innovation capability (INNOVATION)	α = 0.70
3.1 Significant change in products or services in last three years (0–2, Q-9)^c
3.2 Significant change in processes in last three years (0–2, Q-10)^c
Factor 4: Employee involvement (INVOLVEMENT)	α = 0.64
Team orientation
4.1 Employees working in single team vs. working in more than one team (0–1, Q-17)	0.63
4.2 Employees' team autonomy in dividing the work within teams (0–1, Q-18)^c	0.66
Employee development
4.3 Employee participation in training during paid working time (0–6, Q-37)	0.50
4.4 Employee participation in on-the-job training (0–6, Q-38)	0.54
Empowerment
4.5 Employee tasks controlled by managers vs. facilitation autonomous execution (0–1, Q-26)	(0.40)^b
4.6 Employee independence in organizing and scheduling own time and tasks (0–6, Q-30)	(0.44)^b
4.7 Involvement of employee suggestions in management decision making (0–1, Q-54)^c	(0.36)^b
4.8 Involvement of employees in work organization changes (0–3, Q-56)^c	0.50
4.9 Involvement of employees in management decision making (0–3, Q-57A-D)^c	0.51

Note(s):

Cronbach’s alpha

Deleted from the final scale due to low component factor loading

Item recoded into reversed (increasing) order

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