Table 5 Indirect effects of DA and...

Table 5

Indirect effects of DA and INVOLVEMENT interaction via INNOVATION on FP

ECS MR 2019 results	Effect on firm performance
Management respondents	Effect on firm performance
Moderator: Employee involvement	Coeff	Bootstrap SE^a	95% CI^b
Low: −1 standard deviation	0.003 ^***	(0.000)	0.002, 0.005
High: +1 standard deviation	0.006 ^***	(0.000)	0.005, 0.008
Index of moderated mediation^c	0.009 ^***	(0.001)	0.006, 0.012

ECS MR 2019 results	Effect on firm performance
Management respondents	Effect on firm performance
Moderator: Employee involvement	Coeff	Bootstrap SE^a	95% CI^b
Low: −1 standard deviation	0.003 ^***	(0.000)	0.002, 0.005
High: +1 standard deviation	0.006 ^***	(0.000)	0.005, 0.008
Index of moderated mediation^c	0.009 ^***	(0.001)	0.006, 0.012

ECS MR 2013 results (robustness)	Effect on firm performance
Management respondents	Effect on firm performance
Moderator: Employee involvement	Coeff	Bootstrap SE^a	95% CI^b
Low: −1 standard deviation	0.009 ^***	(0.000)	0.007, 0.011
High: +1 standard deviation	0.011 ^***	(0.001)	0.008, 0.013
Index of moderated mediation^c	0.004 ^*	(0.002)	−0.000, 0.009

ECS MR 2013 results (robustness)	Effect on firm performance
Management respondents	Effect on firm performance
Moderator: Employee involvement	Coeff	Bootstrap SE^a	95% CI^b
Low: −1 standard deviation	0.009 ^***	(0.000)	0.007, 0.011
High: +1 standard deviation	0.011 ^***	(0.001)	0.008, 0.013
Index of moderated mediation^c	0.004 ^*	(0.002)	−0.000, 0.009

Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses, two tailed significance (* = p < 0.10, ** = p < 0.05, *** = p < 0.01). CI: Confidence interval

Boostrapping based on 1,000 replications

Coefficient is significant when the confidence interval excludes zero

The moderated mediation index indicates the indirect effect of DA on FP, mediated by INNOVATION as INVOLVEMENT changes by one unit (Hayes, 2018)

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