Table 1

Comparative overview of chatbot features and learning goals

Course (chatbot persona)Key design featuresPrimary student learning goals
Money and banking – client advisor
  • Client persona with financial dilemma

  • Knowledge base of PV scenarios

  • Follow-up questioning to elicit explanations

  • Apply PV formula accurately

  • Communicate technical finance concepts in lay terms

  • Justify decisions under risk and inflation

American literature – reflection coach
  • Guided reflection script

  • Probing/clarifying prompts

  • Emphasis on personal application

  • Deepen critical reflection

  • Connect course content to career contexts

  • Strengthen metacognitive skills

Globalization and world politics – theory avatars
  • Six theory-specific personas

  • Canonical texts embedded

  • Comparative and scenario questioning

  • Differentiate political theories

  • Apply theory to historical and current events

  • Evaluate contrasting viewpoints

Space tourism – executive supervisor
  • Executive persona “Max”

  • Guardrails for evidence and scope

  • Feedback on drafts; optional/required stages

  • Practice stakeholder communication

  • Integrate safety/regulatory factors into PM artifacts

  • Iterate based on feedback; bolster research literacy

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