Table 1. Salient published values of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Salient published values of properties of traditional and modern materials used to manufacture wads

Material	Density: kg/m³/weight: g/m²	Time to set: min	Plaster-to-water ratio	Compressive strength: MPa	Tensile strength: MPa	Source(s)
Beta plaster	885 kg/m³	10	100:66–71	13	—	Awang Ngah et al. (2020), Industrial Plasters (2023b)
Alpha plaster (Crystacal^{® ‘}R’)	1100 kg/m³	15–18	100:35	55	—	Saint Gobain (2023) and Industrial Plasters (2023a)
RE Aramid Gel^TM – Kevlar^® fibres	1050 kg/m³ (gel) 1440–1460 kg/m³ (fibres)	—	—	—	2800–2920 (tensile modulus 70 GPa)	Yeung and Rao (2012), Matweb Material Property Data (2023), Sun et al. (2022)
Quadaxial fabric	133 g/m²	—	—	—	1700	Awang Ngah et al. (2020), Jesmonite Ltd (2023)
Hessian fibre scrim	102 g/m²	—	—	—	200–700 (tensile modulus 13–30 GPa)	Awang Ngah et al. (2020), Maundrill et al. (2023), Sun et al. (2022), Munikenche Gowda et al. (1999), Mushfequr Rahman et al. (2012)

Material	Density: kg/m³/weight: g/m²	Time to set: min	Plaster-to-water ratio	Compressive strength: MPa	Tensile strength: MPa	Source(s)
Beta plaster	885 kg/m³	10	100:66–71	13	—	Awang Ngah et al. (2020), Industrial Plasters (2023b)
Alpha plaster (Crystacal^{® ‘}R’)	1100 kg/m³	15–18	100:35	55	—	Saint Gobain (2023) and Industrial Plasters (2023a)
RE Aramid Gel^TM – Kevlar^® fibres	1050 kg/m³ (gel) 1440–1460 kg/m³ (fibres)	—	—	—	2800–2920 (tensile modulus 70 GPa)	Yeung and Rao (2012), Matweb Material Property Data (2023), Sun et al. (2022)
Quadaxial fabric	133 g/m²	—	—	—	1700	Awang Ngah et al. (2020), Jesmonite Ltd (2023)
Hessian fibre scrim	102 g/m²	—	—	—	200–700 (tensile modulus 13–30 GPa)	Awang Ngah et al. (2020), Maundrill et al. (2023), Sun et al. (2022), Munikenche Gowda et al. (1999), Mushfequr Rahman et al. (2012)