Table A1 Overview of themes and codes...

Table A1

Overview of themes and codes

Themes	Codes	Frequency
Industrial networks	A concrete agreement among stakeholders in the Netherlands is not yet effectively drive the majority of market due to absence of sanction and voluntarily basis	1
	There are several coalition initiatives, such as Bouwcirculair, Pianoobeton, but they are not effectively stop the procrastination in the market	2
	Good cooperative efforts in the past, such as “Dutch polder system” or “development self-compacting concrete”, have not been as effective in this context due to organization and commercial barriers	2
	Pessimism about meeting the 2030 target, yet optimism for 2050 among concrete stakeholders	5
	The majority concrete sector generally requires a “switch button” to initiate sustainability actions	3
Technology	Volcanic and calcinated clays are viewed as the most promising solutions for new SCMs in the near future	2
	The current low price of slag is seen as a deterrent to the development of new SCMs	2
	Demand from neighbouring countries could boost slag prices and stimulate SCMs innovation	2
	Cement producers are working in CCUS for long term target	4
	CCUS could be seen as “good, better, and best” instead being sceptical	1
	It is recommended to incrementally change from slag-based geopolymer concrete to other material	1
	Geopolymer is not currently on the agenda of cement producers	5
	There is a verified single geopolymer supplier struggling in the Dutch market	1
Sectoral policy	MKI is a primary motivator in the tendering process	3
	There is a suggestion to create MPG for other infrastructures	2
	There is anticipation of future policies that may reduce construction (similar to the Dutch agricultural sector)	2
	The legislative process for new SCMs is lengthy due to testing process	1
Market dynamic, user practice	There are presents of frontrunners and risk-averse purchaser side	5
	TRL is used to assess maturity innovation by purchaser	2
	There is no consolidated demand sufficient to support a business case certain innovation in supplier	3
	Each client has unique demands (lack of standardization)	1
	There are suggestions to introduce labelling for concrete products, especially for driver to the majority of market	3
	There are suggestions to move from a “one-size-fits-all” approach to “cement with purpose”	3
Cultural symbolic meaning	Concrete is traditionally viewed as a safe material	1
	Green concrete is seen as potentially disrupting the sacred view of concrete	1
	Time to learn and accept new practices, new material for concrete sector after being established for century	2
	There is currently less tolerance for failure than in the past	1
Techno-scientific knowledge	The superiority of slag is recognized, making it is hard to replace with any single new SCM	3
	SCM will become more chemically complex in the future	4
	The Netherlands benefits from high-quality and high-quantity slag from steel factories	2
	Changes in the precast industry are expected to be complex	1

Themes	Codes	Frequency
Industrial networks	A concrete agreement among stakeholders in the Netherlands is not yet effectively drive the majority of market due to absence of sanction and voluntarily basis	1
	There are several coalition initiatives, such as Bouwcirculair, Pianoobeton, but they are not effectively stop the procrastination in the market	2
	Good cooperative efforts in the past, such as “Dutch polder system” or “development self-compacting concrete”, have not been as effective in this context due to organization and commercial barriers	2
	Pessimism about meeting the 2030 target, yet optimism for 2050 among concrete stakeholders	5
	The majority concrete sector generally requires a “switch button” to initiate sustainability actions	3
Technology	Volcanic and calcinated clays are viewed as the most promising solutions for new SCMs in the near future	2
	The current low price of slag is seen as a deterrent to the development of new SCMs	2
	Demand from neighbouring countries could boost slag prices and stimulate SCMs innovation	2
	Cement producers are working in CCUS for long term target	4
	CCUS could be seen as “good, better, and best” instead being sceptical	1
	It is recommended to incrementally change from slag-based geopolymer concrete to other material	1
	Geopolymer is not currently on the agenda of cement producers	5
	There is a verified single geopolymer supplier struggling in the Dutch market	1
Sectoral policy	MKI is a primary motivator in the tendering process	3
	There is a suggestion to create MPG for other infrastructures	2
	There is anticipation of future policies that may reduce construction (similar to the Dutch agricultural sector)	2
	The legislative process for new SCMs is lengthy due to testing process	1
Market dynamic, user practice	There are presents of frontrunners and risk-averse purchaser side	5
	TRL is used to assess maturity innovation by purchaser	2
	There is no consolidated demand sufficient to support a business case certain innovation in supplier	3
	Each client has unique demands (lack of standardization)	1
	There are suggestions to introduce labelling for concrete products, especially for driver to the majority of market	3
	There are suggestions to move from a “one-size-fits-all” approach to “cement with purpose”	3
Cultural symbolic meaning	Concrete is traditionally viewed as a safe material	1
	Green concrete is seen as potentially disrupting the sacred view of concrete	1
	Time to learn and accept new practices, new material for concrete sector after being established for century	2
	There is currently less tolerance for failure than in the past	1
Techno-scientific knowledge	The superiority of slag is recognized, making it is hard to replace with any single new SCM	3
	SCM will become more chemically complex in the future	4
	The Netherlands benefits from high-quality and high-quantity slag from steel factories	2
	Changes in the precast industry are expected to be complex	1

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