Table 2

Evidence map linking cross-case patterns to data sources and design implications

Cross-case pattern/propositionSpatial attribute(s)Evidence base (case codes + data sources)Resident account (where available)Design implication
Generous access areas enable staying as well as moving, supporting low-threshold encountersWidth/area beyond minimum circulation; niches; places to pauseBCN.BO, VIE.LI, GVA.ES, MAD.EP: plans + in situ observation; BCN.BO resident quote (1,3)BCN.BO: encounters and “being there” (Resident, BCN.BO)Provide generous width and micro-niches; design “pause points” without obstructing circulation
Non-linear and multi-directional routes increase opportunities for unplanned encountersMultiple pathways; junctions; alternative routes to shared destinationsAll cases: plans + observation; supported by cross-case synthesis; (optional) link to circulation literature in DiscussionAvoid single rigid corridor logic where possible; create legible, shared routes that bring residents into co-presence
Adjacency and direct connection to communal programmes strengthens interaction and participationProximity/visibility to kitchen/dining, multifunction rooms, garden; entrances linked to shared spacesVIE.LI, GVA.ES, MAD.EP, BCN.BO: plans + observation; VIE.LI quote; GVA.ES account (apples)VIE.LI: direct street connection supports events/kids (Resident, VIE.LI)Locate key communal programmes on/near shared paths; connect them visually and physically to access areas
Permeable enclosures and daylight support visual connection and perceived continuity (and comfort)Transparent/movable partitions; glazed boundaries; sliding doors; daylight penetrationAll cases: plans + observation; MAD.EP resident account (covered-yet-open)MAD.EP: covered-yet-open supports a variety of activities (Resident account, MAD.EP)Use transparent or movable partitions where appropriate; prioritise daylight and sightlines to support mutual awareness
Affordances for lingering (furniture/vegetation) legitimise staying and create a shared ambienceFixed/movable seating; planters; greenery; “threshold furniture”BCN.BO, MAD.EP, VIE.LI, GVA.ES: observation; BCN.BO quote (2)BCN.BO: seasonal clothing swap on the bench (Resident, BCN.BO)Provide robust, maintainable seating and planting opportunities; support informal exchange without blocking circulation
Everyday appropriation (objects, noticeboards, micro-exchange points) evidences a shared social infrastructureMailboxes with exchange gaps; noticeboards; storage niches; tolerated objectsGVA.ES: resident accounts (mailbox gaps; apples) + observation; all cases: observation of objects/noticeboardsGVA.ES: mailboxes support low-effort exchange; apples shared from garden (Resident account, GVA.ES)Design “lightweight” exchange/communication infrastructure: noticeboards, mail areas, small shelves; clarify governance to avoid conflict

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