Table 1.

Barriers to stakeholder engagement

BarriersExplanation
Diversity of interestStakeholders operate with distinct institutional logics, bringing different goals, incentives and definitions of value to engagement processes. Treating different stakeholders as a homogonous group may obscure these differences and challenge the conditions required to co-create value
Understanding the service delivery context as a complex system, including who is in it, what drives it and where priorities conflict, is a pre-condition for mapping stakeholder diversity and enabling meaningful and ongoing participation
Lack of influenceTraditional stakeholder identification methods tend to prioritise roles and titles over those who shape behaviour, mobilise networks and affect change
Strategic engagement requires identifying stakeholders based on their influence, authority and/or lived experience
Ad-hoc approachTraditional stakeholder engagement often defaults to opportunistic or relationship-dependent selection of stakeholders, reproducing existing networks rather than building meaningful connections. This approach may fail to secure the diversity and breadth of stakeholders needed to address persistent challenges within complex systems
A strategic engagement approach requires stakeholder identification to be treated as a dynamic, iterative process across the project lifecycle
Stakeholder fatigueProject managers may repeatedly recruit stakeholders across multiple initiatives, resulting in stakeholder fatigue, which may reduce the quality and continuity of participation
Stakeholders who feel that their influence is limited are unlikely to remain engaged and committed
Inflexible, rigid process outcomesStructural constraints, such as short-term funding cycles, mandatory reporting requirements and compliance processes, can limit practitioners’ capacity to respond to emerging conditions and shifting stakeholder priorities. When adherence with process outcomes overshadows social impact objectives, stakeholders may become disengaged
A strategic engagement approach requires structural conditions that enable iteration, recalibration and shared decision-making
Outdated but highly used tools/templatesLegacy checklists and static templates persist because they’re familiar, even when they mask risk, equity gaps and adoption barriers. These forms are designed to document consultation activities rather than to support meaningful participation. They can obscure equity gaps, power imbalances and the relational dynamics that determine engagement quality

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