Table 3. Bias evaluation Bias criterion... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Bias evaluation

Bias criterion	Evaluation
Publication bias	Predominance of English-language peer-reviewed studies; exclusion of inaccessible and non-academic sources
Geographic bias	Strong concentration on metropolitan regions such as Bengaluru, Delhi and Mumbai, with limited rural representation
Methodological bias	Heavy reliance on qualitative, exploratory and platform-specific case studies with relatively small sample sizes
Gender and caste bias	Limited intersectional analysis and underrepresentation of women, caste-based inequalities and marginalised workers
Platform concentration bias	Significant focus on Uber, Ola, Swiggy and Zomato within ride-hailing and food-delivery sectors
Systematic imbalances and structural limitations	Overrepresentation of urban platform work and underrepresentation of diverse platform sectors and labour experiences

Bias criterion	Evaluation
Publication bias	Predominance of English-language peer-reviewed studies; exclusion of inaccessible and non-academic sources
Geographic bias	Strong concentration on metropolitan regions such as Bengaluru, Delhi and Mumbai, with limited rural representation
Methodological bias	Heavy reliance on qualitative, exploratory and platform-specific case studies with relatively small sample sizes
Gender and caste bias	Limited intersectional analysis and underrepresentation of women, caste-based inequalities and marginalised workers
Platform concentration bias	Significant focus on Uber, Ola, Swiggy and Zomato within ride-hailing and food-delivery sectors
Systematic imbalances and structural limitations	Overrepresentation of urban platform work and underrepresentation of diverse platform sectors and labour experiences

Source(s): Authors’ own work