Table 1 Summary of retrofit barriers...

Table 1

Summary of retrofit barriers

Category	Barrier	References
Knowledge and Skills (Knowledge/information-related and technical-related)	Stakeholders' limited/lack of awareness/knowledge or information regarding building retrofit	Alam et al. (2019), Amoah and Smith (2024), Kong et al. (2012), Ochedi and Taki (2019)
	Confusion and lack of trust due to unclear information	Tohinaka et al. (2011), Wise et al. (2024)
	Lack of communication with building owners	Liang et al. (2019), Zhang and Wang (2022)
	Difficulty in finding reliable professionals to successfully retrofit residential buildings	Alam et al. (2019), Chen et al. (2023), Hrovatin and Zoric (2018)
	Some residential buildings are difficult to retrofit	Karlsson et al. (2013), Zhang and Wang (2022)
	Lack of access to efficient passive tools and technologies for building retrofitting	Liu et al. (2020), Stiess and Dunkelberg (2013)
	Safety risk associated with extensive renovation process	Liu et al. (2020), Stiess and Dunkelberg (2013), Zhang and Wang (2022)
	Logistics issues relating to passive retrofit material sourcing and transporting	Weiss et al. (2012), Wise et al. (2012, 2024)
Beliefs about consequences and motivation (Financial-related)	Lack of capital to implement residential building retrofitting	Baek and Park (2012), Beavor et al. (2023), Bobrova et al. (2021), Jagarajan et al. (2017), Madushika and Lu (2023)
	Lack of motivation to invest in retrofitting	Ernst and Young (2015), Hrovatin and Zoric (2018), Jia et al. (2018), Zheng et al. (2019)
	Long payback period	Ernst and Young (2015), Hrovatin and Zoric (2018), Jia et al. (2018), Kong et al. (2012), Rhoads (2010), Zheng et al. (2019)
	Differing interests of stakeholders	Alam et al. (2019), Fuerst and McAllister (2011), Li and Froese (2017), Ma et al. (2012), Menassa and Baer (2014), Schleich et al. (2021)
	Price fluctuations for green materials	Bertoldi et al. (2021), Ernst and Young (2015)
	Limited supply of dedicated financing instruments	Beavor et al. (2023), Bertoldi et al. (2021), Ernst and Young (2015)
	Difficulties in access to loans and higher upfront payments	Bertoldi et al. (2021), Ernst and Young (2015), Hrovatin and Zoric (2018), Jia et al. (2018), Madushika and Lu (2023)
	Lack of government subsidies	Amoah and Smith (2024), Zhang and Wang (2022)
	Uncertainty of return on investment	Welch et al. (2023), Zheng et al. (2019)
	Cost implications and time-consuming paperwork for retrofit project approval	Ernst and Young (2015), Sodangi and Salman (2024)
Social influences and behavioural regulation (Social/behaviour-related)	Poor retrofit/renovation culture amongst homeowners	Amoah and Smith (2024), Liu et al. (2021), Tohinaka et al. (2011)
	Absence of desire from owners to monitor and record building energy data	Liu et al. (2021), Zuhaib et al. (2017)
	Lack of interdisciplinary expertise and collaboration	Amoah and Smith (2024), Amoruso et al. (2018), Beavor et al. (2023)
Regulatory pressures (Regulation-related)	Inadequate or lack of overarching government policies, laws, standards, codes or guidelines	Alam et al. (2019), Willand et al. (2020)
	Lack of long-term strategic guidance	Liu et al. (2020), Zhang and Wang (2022), Zou et al. (2018)
	Enforcement issues	Xiaoxiang et al. (2024)
	Difficulty in meeting building regulation requirements	Wilson et al. (2015), Xiaoxiang et al. (2024)
Normative pressures (Professional/industry practice-related)	Lack or shortage of qualified institutes capable of assessing and certifying residential building energy performance	Amoah and Smith (2024), He et al. (2015), Wise et al. (2024), Zhang and Wang (2022)
Cultural-cognitive pressures (Culture-related)	Lack of social acceptability of retrofit measures and confidence in the retrofit process	Kim et al. (2020), Liu et al. (2021), Wilson et al. (2015)

Category	Barrier	References
Knowledge and Skills (Knowledge/information-related and technical-related)	Stakeholders' limited/lack of awareness/knowledge or information regarding building retrofit	Alam et al. (2019), Amoah and Smith (2024), Kong et al. (2012), Ochedi and Taki (2019)
	Confusion and lack of trust due to unclear information	Tohinaka et al. (2011), Wise et al. (2024)
	Lack of communication with building owners	Liang et al. (2019), Zhang and Wang (2022)
	Difficulty in finding reliable professionals to successfully retrofit residential buildings	Alam et al. (2019), Chen et al. (2023), Hrovatin and Zoric (2018)
	Some residential buildings are difficult to retrofit	Karlsson et al. (2013), Zhang and Wang (2022)
	Lack of access to efficient passive tools and technologies for building retrofitting	Liu et al. (2020), Stiess and Dunkelberg (2013)
	Safety risk associated with extensive renovation process	Liu et al. (2020), Stiess and Dunkelberg (2013), Zhang and Wang (2022)
	Logistics issues relating to passive retrofit material sourcing and transporting	Weiss et al. (2012), Wise et al. (2012, 2024)
Beliefs about consequences and motivation (Financial-related)	Lack of capital to implement residential building retrofitting	Baek and Park (2012), Beavor et al. (2023), Bobrova et al. (2021), Jagarajan et al. (2017), Madushika and Lu (2023)
	Lack of motivation to invest in retrofitting	Ernst and Young (2015), Hrovatin and Zoric (2018), Jia et al. (2018), Zheng et al. (2019)
	Long payback period	Ernst and Young (2015), Hrovatin and Zoric (2018), Jia et al. (2018), Kong et al. (2012), Rhoads (2010), Zheng et al. (2019)
	Differing interests of stakeholders	Alam et al. (2019), Fuerst and McAllister (2011), Li and Froese (2017), Ma et al. (2012), Menassa and Baer (2014), Schleich et al. (2021)
	Price fluctuations for green materials	Bertoldi et al. (2021), Ernst and Young (2015)
	Limited supply of dedicated financing instruments	Beavor et al. (2023), Bertoldi et al. (2021), Ernst and Young (2015)
	Difficulties in access to loans and higher upfront payments	Bertoldi et al. (2021), Ernst and Young (2015), Hrovatin and Zoric (2018), Jia et al. (2018), Madushika and Lu (2023)
	Lack of government subsidies	Amoah and Smith (2024), Zhang and Wang (2022)
	Uncertainty of return on investment	Welch et al. (2023), Zheng et al. (2019)
	Cost implications and time-consuming paperwork for retrofit project approval	Ernst and Young (2015), Sodangi and Salman (2024)
Social influences and behavioural regulation (Social/behaviour-related)	Poor retrofit/renovation culture amongst homeowners	Amoah and Smith (2024), Liu et al. (2021), Tohinaka et al. (2011)
	Absence of desire from owners to monitor and record building energy data	Liu et al. (2021), Zuhaib et al. (2017)
	Lack of interdisciplinary expertise and collaboration	Amoah and Smith (2024), Amoruso et al. (2018), Beavor et al. (2023)
Regulatory pressures (Regulation-related)	Inadequate or lack of overarching government policies, laws, standards, codes or guidelines	Alam et al. (2019), Willand et al. (2020)
	Lack of long-term strategic guidance	Liu et al. (2020), Zhang and Wang (2022), Zou et al. (2018)
	Enforcement issues	Xiaoxiang et al. (2024)
	Difficulty in meeting building regulation requirements	Wilson et al. (2015), Xiaoxiang et al. (2024)
Normative pressures (Professional/industry practice-related)	Lack or shortage of qualified institutes capable of assessing and certifying residential building energy performance	Amoah and Smith (2024), He et al. (2015), Wise et al. (2024), Zhang and Wang (2022)
Cultural-cognitive pressures (Culture-related)	Lack of social acceptability of retrofit measures and confidence in the retrofit process	Kim et al. (2020), Liu et al. (2021), Wilson et al. (2015)

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