Table 3

Barriers and facilitators that challenge/support the sustainability of HLM implementations within LCAH

Barriers (N. Papers)References (Supplementary_material_appendix_1)
Cultural and organizational factorsLimited resource availability (7) (Insufficient financial support; limited time allocated for the project; conflicts between health staff daily activities and project-related tasks)[19, 27, 29, 30, 35, 37, 39]
Organization and process complexity (3) (Organizational complexity of the setting; poor understanding of the organizational context; lack of systematic process)[1, 25, 39]
Limited patients’ involvement and engagement in the project (2) (Not considering the “Voice Of the Customer”; not including patients’ point of view in the definition of value; not collecting patients’ satisfaction measures)[27, 35]
Healthcare staff resistance to change and improvement (2)[30, 43]
Operational process and improvement factorsInadequate risk detection and prevention (1)[6]
Lack of continuous monitoring (1)[39]
Technology and communication factorsInadequate IT infrastructure (4) (Lack in data availability and reliability; difficulties in collecting data; low digital competencies; limited bandwidth)[6, 7, 25, 37]
Leadership and governance factorsNot adopting a system-wide approach (1)[3]
Facilitators (N. Papers)References (Supplementary_material_appendix_1)
Cultural and organizational factorsEmployees’ involvement and commitment (24) (Employees’ willingness to participate; employees’ feedback collection; low turnover rates; team members empowerment to make changes)[8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44]
Spreading the continuous improvement culture within the organization (11)[8, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 35, 36, 40, 43, 44]
Project team collaboration and mutual trust (9) (Collaboration and team cohesiveness; mutual support and trust among management and healthcare staff)[6, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 23, 37, 40]
Creation of a cross-functional project team (6) (Team members selected from different care units or departments)[5, 11, 14, 17, 18, 22]
Creation of a multidisciplinary project team (6) (Team members selection including different roles)[15, 16, 22, 38, 39, 45]
Resource availability (4) (Material resources and infrastructures; human resources; financial support; time allocation)[23, 28, 38, 40]
Patients involvement and engagement (4) (Collecting patients’ feedback; patients’ value identification)[5, 21, 22, 41]
Presence of HLM experts and improvement facilitators (3)[8, 30, 41]
Employees’ change acceptance (3)[14, 19, 40]
Learning from the past improvement experiences (2)[20, 21]
Overcoming the hierarchical culture (2)[14, 20]
Suppliers involvement and engagement (1) (Enhancing suppliers’ collaboration)[5]
Operational process and improvement factorsAdapting HLM practices, tools, and techniques to the specific context (7)[1, 5, 3, 14, 28, 40, 41]
Streamlined and standardized process (5)[6, 25, 41, 42, 45]
Monitoring the improvements achieved over time (4)[4, 8, 13, 18]
Project implementation plan (3)[5, 37, 38]
Adopting structured problem-solving approaches (3)[5, 8, 9]
Adopting performance measurement indicators (1)[5]
Adopting a system-wide improvement approach (1)[35]
Leadership and governance factorsTop and middle management commitment and personal involvement (16)[5, 8, 9, 12, 20, 22, 23, 24, 30, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44]
Employees’ digital and data analysis abilities (3)[7, 9, 18]
Top and middle management HLM knowledge (2) (HLM principles; HLM tools and practices)[9, 30]
Aligning improvement initiatives and objectives with the organization’s strategic plan (2)[2, 43]
Stakeholders’ support and expectations alignment (1)[7]
Stakeholders’ support and expectations alignment (1)[7]
Human resources and capability factorsEmployees HLM knowledge (7) (HLM principles; HLM tools and practices)[16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 42]
Employees’ full process understanding (2) (Comprehensive understanding of the target process; training on the target process)[5, 25]
Employees performance assessment (2)[22, 30]
Technology and communication factorsStrong IT infrastructure (7) (Data availability and reliability; digital and connected services)[5, 7, 9, 11, 18, 22, 32]
Good communication channels (2)[17, 22]
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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