Table 1 Relationship between attribute... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Relationship between attribute levels and supporting literature used in the synthesized hierarchy of functional and symbolic product attributes for activewear design for AAW model

Attribute level	Attribute definition	Prior terminology used	Supporting citations
Potential attributes	Future-oriented opportunities for innovation, anticipating emerging needs and technological possibilities	Levitt (1980) defined this as “potential product”	de Oliveira et al. (2018) Lindgreen et al. (2012) Bhagya et al. (2024)
Unexpected attributes	Value-added features that exceed expectations, create delight, and enhance emotional/symbolic experience	Levitt (1980) defined this as “augmented product”. Kotler and Armstrong (2004) defined this as “augmented product”. Brechan (2005) identified these as “tertiary attributes”	Adiele and Amue (2012) Trendafilov (2016) Voss et al. (2008)
Expected attributes	Features consumers assume will be present based on norms and prior experience; reinforce trust and reliability	Aligns with Levitt's (1980) “expected product”, Kotler and Armstrong's (2004) “actual product”, and Brechan's (2005) “secondary attributes”	Lin and Lekhawipat (2014), O'Sullivan et al. (2017)
Essential attributes	Core benefits and primary functions required for product viability and basic problem-solving	Levitt (1980) defined this as “generic product” and Kotler and Armstrong (2004) defined this as the “core product”. Brechan (2005) framed these as “primary attributes”	Schmidt (2010) Voss et al. (2008)

Attribute level	Attribute definition	Prior terminology used	Supporting citations
Potential attributes	Future-oriented opportunities for innovation, anticipating emerging needs and technological possibilities	Levitt (1980) defined this as “potential product”	de Oliveira et al. (2018)Lindgreen et al. (2012)Bhagya et al. (2024)
Unexpected attributes	Value-added features that exceed expectations, create delight, and enhance emotional/symbolic experience	Levitt (1980) defined this as “augmented product”. Kotler and Armstrong (2004) defined this as “augmented product”. Brechan (2005) identified these as “tertiary attributes”	Adiele and Amue (2012)Trendafilov (2016)Voss et al. (2008)
Expected attributes	Features consumers assume will be present based on norms and prior experience; reinforce trust and reliability	Aligns with Levitt's (1980) “expected product”, Kotler and Armstrong's (2004) “actual product”, and Brechan's (2005) “secondary attributes”	Lin and Lekhawipat (2014), O'Sullivan et al. (2017)
Essential attributes	Core benefits and primary functions required for product viability and basic problem-solving	Levitt (1980) defined this as “generic product” and Kotler and Armstrong (2004) defined this as the “core product”. Brechan (2005) framed these as “primary attributes”	Schmidt (2010)Voss et al. (2008)

Source(s): Authors’ own work