Table 1

Islamic banking products

ProductsDefinitionsConventional equivalent
Participatory instrumentsMusharakahA partnership contract between the bank and the client in which both partners invest capital in a project. Profits and losses are shared according to predetermined arrangements: losses are distributed in proportion to each partner's capital contribution, while profits are shared based on a mutually agreed ratio. This product is commonly used in real estate financing for construction and renovation projectsNil
MudarabahA financing arrangement used to support business activities. The bank provides the capital, while the entrepreneur provides the labour and managerial expertise. In the event of a loss, the financial loss is borne by the bank, provided that the loss is not due to negligence or misconduct on the part of the mudaribSpeculation
Financing instrumentsMurabahahA contract for the sale of goods at a price that includes the original cost plus an agreed profit margin. The customer instructs the bank to purchase goods from a third party, after which the bank sells them to the customer at a marked-up price reflecting the cost and the profit margin. This product is widely used for business financingCost-plus financing
IjarahA leasing contract commonly used for the acquisition of assets such as vehicles (cars, delivery vans, etc.). The bank purchases the asset and leases it to the customer, who makes periodic payments. Once the total cost of the asset plus the agreed profit has been paid, ownership may be transferred to the customerLeasing
SalamA contract in which one party pays the full price of goods in advance, while the other party undertakes to deliver a specified quantity of those goods at a future date within an agreed timeframeForward sales contract
Istisna'aA commercial contract in which the customer (the mustasni‘) requests the production or construction of a specific asset that requires a manufacturing or construction process. The bank, acting as the manufacturer or contractor (sani‘), undertakes to procure the necessary materials and deliver the finished product at a fixed price in accordance with the contractual termsNil
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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