Table 3 Strategies for negotiating...

Table 3

Strategies for negotiating rhetorical sovereignty

Strategy	Description	Illustrative participant quote
Pragmatic Translation	Mentally composing arguments in their heritage style, then consciously “translating” the structure to fit the Anglophone deductive model before writing	“I first write my paper the way it makes sense in my mind—building the case. Then, I do a second draft where I take the conclusion and put it at the beginning. It is a two-step process.” (Participant 8)
Seeking Rhetorical Mentors	Actively seeking advisors or peers who understand the cultural-rhetorical clash and can provide feedback that goes beyond grammar to strategy	“My new supervisor is from the Middle East. He understands my logic. He doesn't just say ‘change it,’ he says, ‘Your logic is sound, but for this journal, we need to highlight the finding first to grab the reader’s attention.’” (Participant 19)
Compartmentalization	Accepting different writing norms for different purposes: using a more elaborate style for local contexts/theses and strictly adhering to Anglophone norms for international publications	“I have two voices now. One for my own notes and for discussing science with my colleagues here, which is more detailed. And one for publishing, which is very short and direct. It is like wearing two different hats.” (Participant 27)
Selective Compliance	Adhering to most Anglophone norms while finding small, sanctioned spaces within the genre (e.g. the introduction) to incorporate a more contextualized style	“I know I must be direct in the abstract and results. But I fight to keep some of the broader context in the introduction and discussion. It is my small victory for a more complete story.” (Participant 13)

Strategy	Description	Illustrative participant quote
Pragmatic Translation	Mentally composing arguments in their heritage style, then consciously “translating” the structure to fit the Anglophone deductive model before writing	“I first write my paper the way it makes sense in my mind—building the case. Then, I do a second draft where I take the conclusion and put it at the beginning. It is a two-step process.” (Participant 8)
Seeking Rhetorical Mentors	Actively seeking advisors or peers who understand the cultural-rhetorical clash and can provide feedback that goes beyond grammar to strategy	“My new supervisor is from the Middle East. He understands my logic. He doesn't just say ‘change it,’ he says, ‘Your logic is sound, but for this journal, we need to highlight the finding first to grab the reader’s attention.’” (Participant 19)
Compartmentalization	Accepting different writing norms for different purposes: using a more elaborate style for local contexts/theses and strictly adhering to Anglophone norms for international publications	“I have two voices now. One for my own notes and for discussing science with my colleagues here, which is more detailed. And one for publishing, which is very short and direct. It is like wearing two different hats.” (Participant 27)
Selective Compliance	Adhering to most Anglophone norms while finding small, sanctioned spaces within the genre (e.g. the introduction) to incorporate a more contextualized style	“I know I must be direct in the abstract and results. But I fight to keep some of the broader context in the introduction and discussion. It is my small victory for a more complete story.” (Participant 13)

Note(s): Commentary to add after the table

“These strategies embody the translingual negotiation theorized by Canagarajah (2011)”. Writers are not simply assimilating; they are making conscious choices about how to navigate competing demands. “Pragmatic Translation” and “Compartmentalization” show adaptation, while “Selective Compliance” represents a subtle form of resistance. The reported success of “Seeking Rhetorical Mentors' is particularly significant, as it highlights a critical failure of standard institutional support systems and points toward a powerful pedagogical solution”

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