Table 2

Characteristics of disruptive events

CharacteristicsRhine-Danube floods 2023War in Ukraine from 2022Rhine droughts 2022Port strikes Finland 2024
CauseClimate changeComplex social, economic, historical, ideologicalClimate changeHuman factors
Time duration/scope17 daysOngoing since February 2022∼6 monthsFour weeks
Geographical extent/scaleMultiple neighbouring countriesEurope-wide, potentially globalStretches of the river mainly in GermanyAll main ports in Finland and railways
PredictabilityHighLowMediumMedium
Recurrence probabilityHighMediumMediumMedium
CriticalityMediumHighMediumHigh
Source(s): Authors' own work

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