Operational definitions of CCM sub-criteria across time horizons
| Sub-criteria | General description | Short-term focus (<10 Years) | Long-term focus (20–25+ years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emission reduction commitment and target setting (M1) | The extent to which ports establish formal GHG emission reduction targets and adopt institutional mechanisms to regularly review, update, and enforce these targets (Puig et al., 2024) | Compliance baselines: Establishing baselines to meet immediate regulations (e.g. EEXI, CII) | Net-zero pathways: Committing to absolute zero targets (e.g. 2050 Net-Zero) and strategic alignment |
| Regulatory emission control instruments (M2) | The extent to which ports implement regulatory instruments, such as low-emission zones, to restrict high-emission activities (Park et al., 2018; Boriboonsomsin et al., 2023; Puig et al., 2024) | Low emission zones (LEZ): Restricting oldest trucks/ships to cut local pollution | Zero emission zones (ZEZ): Mandating zero-carbon fuels; banning fossil fuel engines entirely in specific zones |
| Economic incentives for emission reduction (M3) | The extent to which ports apply market-based incentive mechanisms to encourage lower-emission technologies and practices (Puig et al., 2024) | Fee discounts: offering environmentally differentiated port fees or discounts on port dues | Carbon pricing: Implementing carbon taxes or trading schemes; high penalties for non-green vessels |
| Shore power supply and electrification (M4) | The extent to which ports deploy shore power facilities and electrify port equipment to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and associated GHG during port operations (EESI, 2022; Wang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024) | Targeted deployment: Installing onshore power supply at key berths | Grid integration: Full electrification of all berths; Smart grid and Vehicle-to-Grid implementation |
| Alternative fuel supply/Renewable energy generation (M5) | The extent to which ports support the provision of alternative low-carbon marine fuels and renewable energy to reduce dependence on conventional fossil fuels (Acciaro et al., 2014; EESI, 2022; Puig et al., 2024) | Transitional fuels: Bunkering infrastructure for LNG or drop-in Biofuels | Future fuels: Bunkering hubs for green Hydrogen and Ammonia; on-site energy self-sufficiency |
| Smart port technologies and digitalization (M6) | The extent to which ports adopt smart technologies and digital systems to optimize operations and reduce emissions (EESI, 2022; Puig et al., 2024) | Process optimization: Using data to reduce idle times and optimize vessel scheduling (JIT) | Digital ecosystems: AI-driven autonomous operations and Digital Twins for lifecycle carbon management |
| Operational decarbonization measures (M7) | The extent to which ports implement operational and hinterland-oriented decarbonization measures (EESI, 2022) | Efficiency gains: Truck appointment systems and gate optimization | Modal shift: Structural shift of cargo transport from road to rail and electric barges/inland waterways |
| Sub-criteria | General description | Short-term focus (<10 Years) | Long-term focus (20–25+ years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emission reduction commitment and target setting (M1) | The extent to which ports establish formal GHG emission reduction targets and adopt institutional mechanisms to regularly review, update, and enforce these targets ( | ||
| Regulatory emission control instruments (M2) | The extent to which ports implement regulatory instruments, such as low-emission zones, to restrict high-emission activities ( | ||
| Economic incentives for emission reduction (M3) | The extent to which ports apply market-based incentive mechanisms to encourage lower-emission technologies and practices ( | ||
| Shore power supply and electrification (M4) | The extent to which ports deploy shore power facilities and electrify port equipment to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and associated GHG during port operations ( | ||
| Alternative fuel supply/Renewable energy generation (M5) | The extent to which ports support the provision of alternative low-carbon marine fuels and renewable energy to reduce dependence on conventional fossil fuels ( | ||
| Smart port technologies and digitalization (M6) | The extent to which ports adopt smart technologies and digital systems to optimize operations and reduce emissions ( | ||
| Operational decarbonization measures (M7) | The extent to which ports implement operational and hinterland-oriented decarbonization measures ( |
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