Table 1

Frequency of commonly identified DL models and approaches in geotechnical publications

No.AlgorithmKeyword counts
1Convolutional neural network (CNN)696
2Long short-term memory (LSTM)246
3Recurrent neural network (RNN)76
4U-Net / UNet84
5Transformer / attention157
6Generative adversarial network (GAN)38
7YOLO64
8ResNet53
9Deep neural network (DNN)86
10Deep reinforcement learning36

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