Table 1 Characteristics of the...

Table 1

Characteristics of the literature based on the review questions

Study	RQ1		RQ2	RQ3	RQ4
Study	Country	Sector	WFC	Theory	WIF→TI	FIW→TI
Karatepe and Baddar (2006)	Jordan	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	+
Karatepe and Sokmen (2006)	Turkey	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	+
Karatepe and Kiliç (2007)	N. Cyprus	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR	+	NS
Karatepe and Uludag (2007)	N. Cyprus	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	NS	N/A
Karatepe et al. (2008)	N. Cyprus	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR	+	NS
Karatepe and Magaji (2008)	Nigeria	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	NS
Karatepe and Uludag (2008)	Turkey	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	+
Yavas et al. (2008)	Turkey	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	+
Blomme et al. (2010)	Worldwide	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Karatepe and Azar (2013)	Iran	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Scarcity theory	+	+
Yunita and Kismono (2014)	Indonesia	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	NS
Karatepe and Karadaş (2014)	Romania	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR	NS	+
Karatepe and Kiliç (2015)	N. Cyprus	Travel agencies	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Zhou and Wen (2016)	China	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Vong and Tang (2017)	Macau	Mixed^a	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Wang et al. (2017)	Taiwan	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR	+	NS
Yang and Peng (2018)	China	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR and RDT	+(JS)	NS
Pan and Yeh (2019)	China	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Chan and Ao (2019)	Macau	Casinos	Only WIF	Role theory	+ (OC)	N/A
Arefin et al. (2020)	Bangladesh	Hotels	Only WIF	COR	+	N/A
Putra and Suwandana (2020)	Indonesia	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Yorulmaz and Sevinc (2021)	Turkey	Yacht captains	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Abdou et al. (2022)	Egypt	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Abdelaal and Abbas (2022)	Saudi Arabia	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Uludag et al. (2023)	Nigeria	Travel agencies	Only WIF	Spillover theory	+	N/A
Atmajaya et al. (2024)	Indonesia	Restaurants	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Mistry et al. (2024)	USA	Events	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Bai et al. (2025)	Macau	Casinos	Only WIF	Empirical	NS	NS
Bai and Zhou (2025)	Macau	Casinos	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	N/A
Mistry et al. (2025)	USA	Events	Only WIF	Empirical	NS	N/A

Study	RQ1		RQ2	RQ3	RQ4
Study	Country	Sector	WFC	Theory	WIF→TI	FIW→TI
Karatepe and Baddar (2006)	Jordan	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	+
Karatepe and Sokmen (2006)	Turkey	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	+
Karatepe and Kiliç (2007)	N. Cyprus	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR	+	NS
Karatepe and Uludag (2007)	N. Cyprus	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	NS	N/A
Karatepe et al. (2008)	N. Cyprus	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR	+	NS
Karatepe and Magaji (2008)	Nigeria	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	NS
Karatepe and Uludag (2008)	Turkey	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	+
Yavas et al. (2008)	Turkey	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	+
Blomme et al. (2010)	Worldwide	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Karatepe and Azar (2013)	Iran	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Scarcity theory	+	+
Yunita and Kismono (2014)	Indonesia	Hotels	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	NS
Karatepe and Karadaş (2014)	Romania	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR	NS	+
Karatepe and Kiliç (2015)	N. Cyprus	Travel agencies	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Zhou and Wen (2016)	China	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Vong and Tang (2017)	Macau	Mixed^a	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Wang et al. (2017)	Taiwan	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR	+	NS
Yang and Peng (2018)	China	Hotels	WIF and FIW	COR and RDT	+(JS)	NS
Pan and Yeh (2019)	China	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Chan and Ao (2019)	Macau	Casinos	Only WIF	Role theory	+ (OC)	N/A
Arefin et al. (2020)	Bangladesh	Hotels	Only WIF	COR	+	N/A
Putra and Suwandana (2020)	Indonesia	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Yorulmaz and Sevinc (2021)	Turkey	Yacht captains	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Abdou et al. (2022)	Egypt	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Abdelaal and Abbas (2022)	Saudi Arabia	Hotels	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Uludag et al. (2023)	Nigeria	Travel agencies	Only WIF	Spillover theory	+	N/A
Atmajaya et al. (2024)	Indonesia	Restaurants	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Mistry et al. (2024)	USA	Events	Only WIF	Empirical	+	N/A
Bai et al. (2025)	Macau	Casinos	Only WIF	Empirical	NS	NS
Bai and Zhou (2025)	Macau	Casinos	WIF and FIW	Empirical	+	N/A
Mistry et al. (2025)	USA	Events	Only WIF	Empirical	NS	N/A

Note(s): Within parenthesis denotes mediator

Casinos, hotels, travel agencies, retail, FandB; COR = Conservation of resources; RDT = Resource depletion theory; N/A = Not Applicable; NS = Not supported; (+) = positive; WIF = Work-Family Interference; FIW = Family-Work Interference; JS = Job satisfaction; OC = Organizational Commitment

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