Table 1. Measurement of study variables... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Measurement of study variables

Construct	Dimensions	Sample measurement items (five-point Likert scale)	Sources
Digital capabilities	Digital sensing	Our cooperative regularly scans for new digital technologies relevant to coffee production and marketing	Teece et al. (1997); Teece (2007); Warner and Wäger (2019); Li et al. (2018)
	Digital seizing	Our cooperative effectively adopts and uses digital tools to improve operations
	Digital resource management	Our cooperative efficiently manages and integrates digital resources into its activities
Action learning	Problem identification	Members of our cooperative actively identify and define real operational challenges	Revans (1982); Kolb (2014); Marquardt and Waddill (2004)
	Action learning sets	Our cooperative promotes teamwork in solving practical problems
	Questioning, insight and reflection	Members critically reflect on their actions to improve future performance
	Individual and collective learning	Learning is shared among members to improve collective performance
Coffee cooperative productivity	Extension services	Our cooperative provides timely and relevant advisory services to farmers	Abate et al. (2018); Verhofstadt and Maertens (2015); Barrett et al. (2022)
	Access to finance	Members of our cooperative have improved access to financial services and credit
	IT integration	Our cooperative effectively uses digital technologies in its operations
	Market information access	Our cooperative provides accurate and timely market information to members

Construct	Dimensions	Sample measurement items (five-point Likert scale)	Sources
Digital capabilities	Digital sensing	Our cooperative regularly scans for new digital technologies relevant to coffee production and marketing	Teece et al. (1997); Teece (2007); Warner and Wäger (2019); Li et al. (2018)
	Digital seizing	Our cooperative effectively adopts and uses digital tools to improve operations
	Digital resource management	Our cooperative efficiently manages and integrates digital resources into its activities
Action learning	Problem identification	Members of our cooperative actively identify and define real operational challenges	Revans (1982); Kolb (2014); Marquardt and Waddill (2004)
	Action learning sets	Our cooperative promotes teamwork in solving practical problems
	Questioning, insight and reflection	Members critically reflect on their actions to improve future performance
	Individual and collective learning	Learning is shared among members to improve collective performance
Coffee cooperative productivity	Extension services	Our cooperative provides timely and relevant advisory services to farmers	Abate et al. (2018); Verhofstadt and Maertens (2015); Barrett et al. (2022)
	Access to finance	Members of our cooperative have improved access to financial services and credit
	IT integration	Our cooperative effectively uses digital technologies in its operations
	Market information access	Our cooperative provides accurate and timely market information to members

Note(s):

All items were measured on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree