Table 2

Descriptive statistics

PCFsNon-PCFs
ObsMeanMedianStd devMinMaxObsMeanMedianStd devMinMaxMean diff.
II6,3190.2410.2080.1980.0000.8769,8710.1480.1040.1420.0000.4770.093***
IIDOM6,3190.2130.1750.1770.0000.8749,8710.1280.0850.1350.0000.4150.085***
IILT6,3190.2190.1870.1890.0000.8529,8710.1010.0690.1240.0000.3840.118***
IIBLO6,3190.1990.1490.1370.0000.8279,8710.0970.0660.1270.0000.3420.102***
MV6,3192.5002.3720.7490.8024.7629,8712.1502.0800.6000.6104.4500.350***
ROA6,3190.0490.0480.098−0.7230.6529,8710.0470.0480.105−0.7980.5990.002
PTS6,3191.1991.1931.5770.15812.5039,8711.1911.1861.3670.15512.7750.008
BTM6,3190.6670.5190.8880.0063.8839,8710.4190.3960.6760.0032.7380.248***
R&D6,3190.0100.0110.1230.0000.4549,8710.0050.0100.1170.0000.3400.005***
LEV6,3190.4060.3980.2190.0081.7349,8710.3790.3590.2220.0051.6560.027***
ADVER6,3190.0080.0090.1130.0000.3139,8710.0050.0060.0990.0000.2060.003**

Note(s): This table presents the descriptive statistics of all variables. The sample includes firm-year observations from fiscal years 2000–2022, where all control variables have non-missing values. The superscripts *, ** and *** denote significance at the confidence levels of 90%, 95% and 99%, respectively

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