Descriptive statistics
| PCFs | Non-PCFs | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obs | Mean | Median | Std dev | Min | Max | Obs | Mean | Median | Std dev | Min | Max | Mean diff. | |
| 6,319 | 0.241 | 0.208 | 0.198 | 0.000 | 0.876 | 9,871 | 0.148 | 0.104 | 0.142 | 0.000 | 0.477 | 0.093*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.213 | 0.175 | 0.177 | 0.000 | 0.874 | 9,871 | 0.128 | 0.085 | 0.135 | 0.000 | 0.415 | 0.085*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.219 | 0.187 | 0.189 | 0.000 | 0.852 | 9,871 | 0.101 | 0.069 | 0.124 | 0.000 | 0.384 | 0.118*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.199 | 0.149 | 0.137 | 0.000 | 0.827 | 9,871 | 0.097 | 0.066 | 0.127 | 0.000 | 0.342 | 0.102*** | |
| 6,319 | 2.500 | 2.372 | 0.749 | 0.802 | 4.762 | 9,871 | 2.150 | 2.080 | 0.600 | 0.610 | 4.450 | 0.350*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.049 | 0.048 | 0.098 | −0.723 | 0.652 | 9,871 | 0.047 | 0.048 | 0.105 | −0.798 | 0.599 | 0.002 | |
| 6,319 | 1.199 | 1.193 | 1.577 | 0.158 | 12.503 | 9,871 | 1.191 | 1.186 | 1.367 | 0.155 | 12.775 | 0.008 | |
| 6,319 | 0.667 | 0.519 | 0.888 | 0.006 | 3.883 | 9,871 | 0.419 | 0.396 | 0.676 | 0.003 | 2.738 | 0.248*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.123 | 0.000 | 0.454 | 9,871 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.117 | 0.000 | 0.340 | 0.005*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.406 | 0.398 | 0.219 | 0.008 | 1.734 | 9,871 | 0.379 | 0.359 | 0.222 | 0.005 | 1.656 | 0.027*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.113 | 0.000 | 0.313 | 9,871 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.099 | 0.000 | 0.206 | 0.003** | |
| PCFs | Non-PCFs | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obs | Mean | Median | Std dev | Min | Max | Obs | Mean | Median | Std dev | Min | Max | Mean diff. | |
| 6,319 | 0.241 | 0.208 | 0.198 | 0.000 | 0.876 | 9,871 | 0.148 | 0.104 | 0.142 | 0.000 | 0.477 | 0.093*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.213 | 0.175 | 0.177 | 0.000 | 0.874 | 9,871 | 0.128 | 0.085 | 0.135 | 0.000 | 0.415 | 0.085*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.219 | 0.187 | 0.189 | 0.000 | 0.852 | 9,871 | 0.101 | 0.069 | 0.124 | 0.000 | 0.384 | 0.118*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.199 | 0.149 | 0.137 | 0.000 | 0.827 | 9,871 | 0.097 | 0.066 | 0.127 | 0.000 | 0.342 | 0.102*** | |
| 6,319 | 2.500 | 2.372 | 0.749 | 0.802 | 4.762 | 9,871 | 2.150 | 2.080 | 0.600 | 0.610 | 4.450 | 0.350*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.049 | 0.048 | 0.098 | −0.723 | 0.652 | 9,871 | 0.047 | 0.048 | 0.105 | −0.798 | 0.599 | 0.002 | |
| 6,319 | 1.199 | 1.193 | 1.577 | 0.158 | 12.503 | 9,871 | 1.191 | 1.186 | 1.367 | 0.155 | 12.775 | 0.008 | |
| 6,319 | 0.667 | 0.519 | 0.888 | 0.006 | 3.883 | 9,871 | 0.419 | 0.396 | 0.676 | 0.003 | 2.738 | 0.248*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.123 | 0.000 | 0.454 | 9,871 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.117 | 0.000 | 0.340 | 0.005*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.406 | 0.398 | 0.219 | 0.008 | 1.734 | 9,871 | 0.379 | 0.359 | 0.222 | 0.005 | 1.656 | 0.027*** | |
| 6,319 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.113 | 0.000 | 0.313 | 9,871 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.099 | 0.000 | 0.206 | 0.003** | |
Note(s): This table presents the descriptive statistics of all variables. The sample includes firm-year observations from fiscal years 2000–2022, where all control variables have non-missing values. The superscripts *, ** and *** denote significance at the confidence levels of 90%, 95% and 99%, respectively
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