Table 1 Types of innovation in social...

Table 1

Types of innovation in social entrepreneurship

Concepts	Explanation	Sources
Product innovation	Launching a novel or markedly improved product or service that diverges from a company's prior offerings. It could entail modifications made to the product's specifications, envisaged applications, promotional approaches, or managerial procedures	Bunduchi, Smart, Crisan-Mitra and Cooper (2023), Carranza, Guzmán-Soria, Jorge, López-Lemus, and Martínez (2020), Cheng and Shiu (2022), Distanont, Khongmalai, and Distanont (2017), Garrido-Skurkowicz, Wittek, and la Roi (2022) Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Monroe-White and Zook (2018), Ramus, La Cara, Vaccaro, and Brusoni (2018), Ranabahu (2020), Sharma, Singh, and Singh (2020), Son, Lee, and Chung (2018)
Process innovation	The implementation of new or significantly improved methods in the manufacturing, delivery, and management of goods and services. It involves the integration of novel technologies, reorganisation of tasks, and significant changes in techniques, equipment and software, and is intended to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness	Bunduchi et al. (2023), Carranza et al. (2020), Cheng and Shiu (2022), Distanont et al. (2017), Garrido-Skurkowicz et al. (2022), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Monroe-White and Zook (2018), Ramus et al. (2018), Ranabahu (2020), Sharma et al. (2020)
Business model innovation (BMI)	The iterative process of modifying and reconfiguring the funeamental building blocks that delineate the structure of an established business model	Bunduchi et al. (2023), Colovic and Schruoffeneger (2021), Davies and Chambers (2018), Guerrero, Santamaría-Velasco, and Mahto (2020), Klein, Schneider, and Spieth (2021), Olofsson, Hoveskog, and Halila (2018), Phillips, Alexander, and Lee (2019), Reficco, Layrisse, and Barrios (2021), Wang and Zhou (2020)
Technological innovation	The development or adoption of technological solutions in response to social and environmental problems	Baek, Kim, and Harimoto (2019), Battisti (2019), Gerli, Calderini, and Chiodo (2022), Kim and Jun, 2022, Ratten (2013), Sacchetti (2022), Turker and Ozmen (2021)
Digital innovation	The development of product, service and process innovations that can address social problems by using information and communication technology or ledger technologies (e.g. blockchain, big data, Internet of Things and artificial intelligence)	Battisti (2019), Berardi and Valentinetti (2023), Bonina, López-Berzosa, and Scarlata (2021), Cannon and Dart (2022), Ibáñez, Guerrero, Yáñez-Valdés, and Barros-Celume (2022), Javed, Yasir, Ali, and Majid (2020), Javed and Yasir (2019)
Sustainable innovation	Form of innovation that seeks simultaneous financial, ecological, social, or combined benefits	Abbasi, Ashari, Jan, and Ariffin (2021), Harsanto, Mulyana, Faisal, and Shandy (2022), Harsanto, Mulyana, Faisal, Shandy, and Alam (2022), Hechavarría and Welter (2015), Turker and Altuntaş Vural (2017)
Disruptive innovation	Introduction of simpler, affordable alternatives or novel practices, fundamentally altering market dynamics and societal norms	Pervez, Maritz, and De Waal (2013), Son et al. (2018), Turker and Altuntaş Vural (2017), Velázquez and Bielous (2019)
Service innovation	The dynamic process of creating novel services that address social needs, extending beyond the conventional emphasis on user utility and provider profit	Carranza et al. (2020), Casini, Bensliman, Callorda Fossati, Degavre, and Mahieu (2018), Muhamad, Adham, Alias, and Ali (2018), Peng and Lin (2016)
Organizational innovation	Introducing new ideas, methods, or changes within an organisation to enhance its overall performance, efficiency and effectiveness	Chan et al. (2021), Velázquez and Bielous (2019), Vickers, Lyon, Sepulveda, and McMullin (2017)
Inclusive innovation	Designing new products, services and business models that respond to the needs of low-income and marginalized communities. It aims to promote economic, social and political inclusion by providing affordable and accessible solutions to pressing social problems	Duarte Alonso, Kok, O’Brien, and O’Shea (2020), Parthasarathy (2022), Peerally, De Fuentes, and Figueiredo (2019)
Open (social) innovations	A form of innovation that entails collaboration among diverse stakeholders to tackle social challenges	Ibáñez et al. (2022), Tuckerman, Roberts, and Whittam (2022), Yun, Park, Im, Shin, and Zhao (2017)
Responsible innovation	Steering innovation so it benefits society. The theoretical background for this type of innovation creates ethics, values and human rights	Lubberink, Blok, van Ophem, van der Velde, and Omta (2018, 2019), Ranabahu (2020)
Catalytic innovation	Developing products and services aimed at underserved markets; providing “good enough” solutions to social challenges that have not been adequately addressed by established organisations using traditional methods and solutions	Auvinet and Lloret (2015), Gundry, Kickul, Griffiths, and Bacq (2011), Kickul, Griffiths, Bacq, and Garud (2018)
Frugal innovation	Product innovation that involves modifying products using limited local resources	Mishra (2021), Nilsson, Samuelsson, and Meyer (2022), Son et al. (2018)
Bottom of the pyramid (BOP) innovation	Introducing products, services, or business models that are affordable, accessible and sustainable for the largest and poorest socio-economic groups in the economic chain	Mishra (2021), Pervez et al. (2013), Sharma et al. (2020)
Workplace innovation (Employee focused innovation)	Changes in an organization's practices that improve both organizational performance and the quality of working life. It involves implementing novel solutions to increase productivity, develop workers' competences and implement flexible organization and innovation capacity	Casini et al. (2018), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018)
Grassroots innovation	Involves organizations or activists developing novel solutions from the bottom-up to support sustainable development	Duarte Alonso et al. (2020), Sharma and Kumar (2019)
Incremental innovation	Gradually improving technological processes, operations, business practices and products	Del Giudice, Garcia-Perez, Scuotto, and Orlando (2019), Ranabahu (2020)
Transformative or Radical innovation	Involves a profound shift in thinking, radical redesign of products, advanced technologies, new forms of value creation and the development of innovative business models	Del Giudice et al. (2019), Ranabahu (2020)
Inside-out and outside-in innovation	With inside-out innovation, the company identifies its core competencies through internal analysis and leveraging this understanding to create new products or services that align with its existing offerings. Outside-in innovation centers around customer-focused efforts and is driven by discovery	Reficco et al. (2021)
Collaborative innovation	As a form of OSI, collaborative innovation involves players in various sectors exchanging ideas and values. It also involves the shift of roles and relationships between the government and non-profit organisations, blending market-based principles and mechanisms with public and philanthropic support	Callagher, Korber, Siedlok, and Elsahn (2022), Yun et al. (2017)
Public service innovation	Creating and incorporating new ideas, approaches and technologies to address growing demands, especially when resources are limited. It involves the government, businesses and community organisations all working together to address complex social problems	Vickers et al. (2017)
Systemic innovations	Systemic innovations extend beyond singular domains, operating within and forging connections with various systems, including the social care and health systems. The term “systemic” refers both to the existence of a co-ordinated innovation system and to situations where the overarching goal is to fundamentally change the nature of society	Green (2022)
Marketing innovation	Applying marketing principles tailored to the context of a business with the aim of making its products more accessible to customers and increasing sales. It uses marketing strategies and techniques	Distanont et al. (2017)

Concepts	Explanation	Sources
Product innovation	Launching a novel or markedly improved product or service that diverges from a company's prior offerings. It could entail modifications made to the product's specifications, envisaged applications, promotional approaches, or managerial procedures	Bunduchi, Smart, Crisan-Mitra and Cooper (2023), Carranza, Guzmán-Soria, Jorge, López-Lemus, and Martínez (2020), Cheng and Shiu (2022), Distanont, Khongmalai, and Distanont (2017), Garrido-Skurkowicz, Wittek, and la Roi (2022) Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Monroe-White and Zook (2018), Ramus, La Cara, Vaccaro, and Brusoni (2018), Ranabahu (2020), Sharma, Singh, and Singh (2020), Son, Lee, and Chung (2018)
Process innovation	The implementation of new or significantly improved methods in the manufacturing, delivery, and management of goods and services. It involves the integration of novel technologies, reorganisation of tasks, and significant changes in techniques, equipment and software, and is intended to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness	Bunduchi et al. (2023), Carranza et al. (2020), Cheng and Shiu (2022), Distanont et al. (2017), Garrido-Skurkowicz et al. (2022), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Monroe-White and Zook (2018), Ramus et al. (2018), Ranabahu (2020), Sharma et al. (2020)
Business model innovation (BMI)	The iterative process of modifying and reconfiguring the funeamental building blocks that delineate the structure of an established business model	Bunduchi et al. (2023), Colovic and Schruoffeneger (2021), Davies and Chambers (2018), Guerrero, Santamaría-Velasco, and Mahto (2020), Klein, Schneider, and Spieth (2021), Olofsson, Hoveskog, and Halila (2018), Phillips, Alexander, and Lee (2019), Reficco, Layrisse, and Barrios (2021), Wang and Zhou (2020)
Technological innovation	The development or adoption of technological solutions in response to social and environmental problems	Baek, Kim, and Harimoto (2019), Battisti (2019), Gerli, Calderini, and Chiodo (2022), Kim and Jun, 2022, Ratten (2013), Sacchetti (2022), Turker and Ozmen (2021)
Digital innovation	The development of product, service and process innovations that can address social problems by using information and communication technology or ledger technologies (e.g. blockchain, big data, Internet of Things and artificial intelligence)	Battisti (2019), Berardi and Valentinetti (2023), Bonina, López-Berzosa, and Scarlata (2021), Cannon and Dart (2022), Ibáñez, Guerrero, Yáñez-Valdés, and Barros-Celume (2022), Javed, Yasir, Ali, and Majid (2020), Javed and Yasir (2019)
Sustainable innovation	Form of innovation that seeks simultaneous financial, ecological, social, or combined benefits	Abbasi, Ashari, Jan, and Ariffin (2021), Harsanto, Mulyana, Faisal, and Shandy (2022), Harsanto, Mulyana, Faisal, Shandy, and Alam (2022), Hechavarría and Welter (2015), Turker and Altuntaş Vural (2017)
Disruptive innovation	Introduction of simpler, affordable alternatives or novel practices, fundamentally altering market dynamics and societal norms	Pervez, Maritz, and De Waal (2013), Son et al. (2018), Turker and Altuntaş Vural (2017), Velázquez and Bielous (2019)
Service innovation	The dynamic process of creating novel services that address social needs, extending beyond the conventional emphasis on user utility and provider profit	Carranza et al. (2020), Casini, Bensliman, Callorda Fossati, Degavre, and Mahieu (2018), Muhamad, Adham, Alias, and Ali (2018), Peng and Lin (2016)
Organizational innovation	Introducing new ideas, methods, or changes within an organisation to enhance its overall performance, efficiency and effectiveness	Chan et al. (2021), Velázquez and Bielous (2019), Vickers, Lyon, Sepulveda, and McMullin (2017)
Inclusive innovation	Designing new products, services and business models that respond to the needs of low-income and marginalized communities. It aims to promote economic, social and political inclusion by providing affordable and accessible solutions to pressing social problems	Duarte Alonso, Kok, O’Brien, and O’Shea (2020), Parthasarathy (2022), Peerally, De Fuentes, and Figueiredo (2019)
Open (social) innovations	A form of innovation that entails collaboration among diverse stakeholders to tackle social challenges	Ibáñez et al. (2022), Tuckerman, Roberts, and Whittam (2022), Yun, Park, Im, Shin, and Zhao (2017)
Responsible innovation	Steering innovation so it benefits society. The theoretical background for this type of innovation creates ethics, values and human rights	Lubberink, Blok, van Ophem, van der Velde, and Omta (2018, 2019), Ranabahu (2020)
Catalytic innovation	Developing products and services aimed at underserved markets; providing “good enough” solutions to social challenges that have not been adequately addressed by established organisations using traditional methods and solutions	Auvinet and Lloret (2015), Gundry, Kickul, Griffiths, and Bacq (2011), Kickul, Griffiths, Bacq, and Garud (2018)
Frugal innovation	Product innovation that involves modifying products using limited local resources	Mishra (2021), Nilsson, Samuelsson, and Meyer (2022), Son et al. (2018)
Bottom of the pyramid (BOP) innovation	Introducing products, services, or business models that are affordable, accessible and sustainable for the largest and poorest socio-economic groups in the economic chain	Mishra (2021), Pervez et al. (2013), Sharma et al. (2020)
Workplace innovation (Employee focused innovation)	Changes in an organization's practices that improve both organizational performance and the quality of working life. It involves implementing novel solutions to increase productivity, develop workers' competences and implement flexible organization and innovation capacity	Casini et al. (2018), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018)
Grassroots innovation	Involves organizations or activists developing novel solutions from the bottom-up to support sustainable development	Duarte Alonso et al. (2020), Sharma and Kumar (2019)
Incremental innovation	Gradually improving technological processes, operations, business practices and products	Del Giudice, Garcia-Perez, Scuotto, and Orlando (2019), Ranabahu (2020)
Transformative or Radical innovation	Involves a profound shift in thinking, radical redesign of products, advanced technologies, new forms of value creation and the development of innovative business models	Del Giudice et al. (2019), Ranabahu (2020)
Inside-out and outside-in innovation	With inside-out innovation, the company identifies its core competencies through internal analysis and leveraging this understanding to create new products or services that align with its existing offerings. Outside-in innovation centers around customer-focused efforts and is driven by discovery	Reficco et al. (2021)
Collaborative innovation	As a form of OSI, collaborative innovation involves players in various sectors exchanging ideas and values. It also involves the shift of roles and relationships between the government and non-profit organisations, blending market-based principles and mechanisms with public and philanthropic support	Callagher, Korber, Siedlok, and Elsahn (2022), Yun et al. (2017)
Public service innovation	Creating and incorporating new ideas, approaches and technologies to address growing demands, especially when resources are limited. It involves the government, businesses and community organisations all working together to address complex social problems	Vickers et al. (2017)
Systemic innovations	Systemic innovations extend beyond singular domains, operating within and forging connections with various systems, including the social care and health systems. The term “systemic” refers both to the existence of a co-ordinated innovation system and to situations where the overarching goal is to fundamentally change the nature of society	Green (2022)
Marketing innovation	Applying marketing principles tailored to the context of a business with the aim of making its products more accessible to customers and increasing sales. It uses marketing strategies and techniques	Distanont et al. (2017)

Source(s): Own elaboration

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