Measurement scales
| Variable | Statement | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Digital literacy (DL) | I can effectively evaluate the credibility of digital information sources | Avinç and Doğan (2024) |
| I feel confident using digital tools for communication and collaboration | ||
| I can troubleshoot fundamental digital tool-related problems on my own | ||
| I regularly use digital platforms to enhance my learning or work | ||
| I adapt quickly to new digital technologies | ||
| I understand the implications of sharing personal data online | ||
| Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) | Our firm emphasizes new and innovative products and services | Wales (2016) |
| We actively seek out new market opportunities | ||
| Top management favors a bold, aggressive posture | ||
| Innovation is a dominant characteristic of our firm | ||
| We are willing to take high risks with new ventures | ||
| Our firm is often the first to introduce new products or services | ||
| Digital networks (DN) | We use digital networks to establish new partnerships | Scuotto et al. (2016) |
| Digital platforms help us maintain relationships with stakeholders | ||
| We participate in online business communities relevant to our industry | ||
| We use social media to enhance our network visibility | ||
| Our firm integrates digital tools to share knowledge with partners | ||
| We leverage digital networks to access market information | ||
| Digital innovation (DI) | We frequently adopt new digital technologies in the development of our products and services | Li et al. (2018) |
| We explore digital platforms to enhance business processes | ||
| Our firm utilizes digital tools to create value for our customers | ||
| Digital technologies have improved our innovation speed | ||
| We continuously develop digital-based innovations | ||
| We invest in digital skills to support innovative activities | ||
| Environmental turbulence (ET) | Customer preferences in our industry change rapidly | Jansen et al. (2006) |
| Unpredictable competitive moves characterize our industry | ||
| We experience frequent regulatory and policy changes | ||
| Technological changes in our industry are unpredictable | ||
| There is considerable uncertainty in our external environment | ||
| We face constant shifts in the capabilities and costs of our suppliers | ||
| Entrepreneurial success (ES) | Our venture has achieved the financial goals set at the start | García-Villaverde et al. (2018) |
| We have experienced sustained growth in revenue | ||
| Customer satisfaction has improved over time | ||
| We have successfully penetrated our target market | ||
| Our firm is recognized as a market leader in its niche | ||
| We consistently meet or exceed performance expectations |
| Variable | Statement | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Digital literacy (DL) | I can effectively evaluate the credibility of digital information sources | |
| I feel confident using digital tools for communication and collaboration | ||
| I can troubleshoot fundamental digital tool-related problems on my own | ||
| I regularly use digital platforms to enhance my learning or work | ||
| I adapt quickly to new digital technologies | ||
| I understand the implications of sharing personal data online | ||
| Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) | Our firm emphasizes new and innovative products and services | |
| We actively seek out new market opportunities | ||
| Top management favors a bold, aggressive posture | ||
| Innovation is a dominant characteristic of our firm | ||
| We are willing to take high risks with new ventures | ||
| Our firm is often the first to introduce new products or services | ||
| Digital networks (DN) | We use digital networks to establish new partnerships | |
| Digital platforms help us maintain relationships with stakeholders | ||
| We participate in online business communities relevant to our industry | ||
| We use social media to enhance our network visibility | ||
| Our firm integrates digital tools to share knowledge with partners | ||
| We leverage digital networks to access market information | ||
| Digital innovation (DI) | We frequently adopt new digital technologies in the development of our products and services | |
| We explore digital platforms to enhance business processes | ||
| Our firm utilizes digital tools to create value for our customers | ||
| Digital technologies have improved our innovation speed | ||
| We continuously develop digital-based innovations | ||
| We invest in digital skills to support innovative activities | ||
| Environmental turbulence (ET) | Customer preferences in our industry change rapidly | |
| Unpredictable competitive moves characterize our industry | ||
| We experience frequent regulatory and policy changes | ||
| Technological changes in our industry are unpredictable | ||
| There is considerable uncertainty in our external environment | ||
| We face constant shifts in the capabilities and costs of our suppliers | ||
| Entrepreneurial success (ES) | Our venture has achieved the financial goals set at the start | |
| We have experienced sustained growth in revenue | ||
| Customer satisfaction has improved over time | ||
| We have successfully penetrated our target market | ||
| Our firm is recognized as a market leader in its niche | ||
| We consistently meet or exceed performance expectations |
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.