Table 3

Research model results of HLM

Fixed effectMathematicsLiteracyScience
Constant305.08***
(4.80)		330.76***
(3.73)		324.72***
(2.98)
Teacher quality
Teacher educational qualification44.07***
(12.35)		35.26***
(9.97)		24.14**
(8.77)
Teaching experience0.45
(0.60)		0.47
(0.47)		0.29
(0.37)
TPD16.98
(18.41)		17.70
(13.86)		14.11
(12.43)
TPD2−19.69
(12.04)		−14.58†
(7.81)		−13.20†
(7.16)
TPD34.09
(14.55)		1.03
(9.98)		4.28
(9.16)
TPD40.47
(11.81)		3.79
(10.44)		−1.91
(9.95)
TPD5−30.96†
(17.47)		−18.46
(16.16)		−16.56
(14.31)
TPD655.72**
(20.83)		35.04†
(18.29)		29.77†
(16.55)
School level control variables
Location size8.35***
(2.48)		6.85***
(1.83)		4.34**
(1.62)
School size0.00
(0.00)		0.00
(0.00)		0.00
(0.00)
Class size0.69***
(0.20)		0.45**
(0.16)		0.44**
(0.14)
Basic infrastructure4.83†
(2.55)		3.09
(1.91)		2.49
(1.95)
Student level control variables
Gender (Male = 1, Female = 2)2.50
(2.83)		−15.32***
(2.14)		−2.76
(0.178)
ESCS7.36***
(1.52)		3.08**
(1.13)		2.44*
(1.06)
Random effect
χ2708.01***628.03***672.52***
School variance515.93300.13226.54
Student variance4113.922900.342049.65
ICC0.11140.09380.0952

Note(s): †p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

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