Table A1

CIC framework (Raimo et al., 2025)

CICDescription
Circular Human Capital
1. Circular JobsInformation on job position dedicated to the circular economy
2. Circular employmentInformation on employees involved in circular economy practices
3. Educational background on circular economyInformation on the educational qualifications of employees, focussing on circular economy practices
4. Professional certifications on circular economyInformation on professional certifications held by employees, related to circular economy practices
5. Circular economy training programsInformation on specific training programs that provide employees with knowledge and skills related to circular economy
6. Participation in circular economy trainingInformation on the number and percentage of employees participating in circular economy training programs
7. Circular economy work practicesInformation on how employees integrate circular economy principles into their daily work activities and processes
8. Sharing best circular economy practicesInformation on systems and methods for sharing best circular economy practices, ensuring continuous improvement and knowledge transfer
9. Circular economy innovation initiativesInformation on initiatives that encourage developing innovative solutions focused on circular economy principles
10. Intrapreneurship programsInformation on programs and support systems that encourage employees to undertake internal entrepreneurial activities, specifically targeting circular economy goals
Circular Organisational Capital
1. Circular economy patentsInformation on the development and registration of patents for circular economy technologies
2. Knowledge management for circular economyInformation on the systems and processes to manage and protect intellectual property related to circular economy practices
3. Circular management philosophyInformation on the adoption of circular economy principles in business strategy and decision-making processes
4. Circular leadershipInformation on leadership practices oriented towards circular economy
5. Circular economy principles and valuesInformation on embedding circular economy principles and values into the corporate culture
6. Circular economy cultureInformation on initiatives to create a corporate culture that values and promotes circular practices
7. Circular management processesInformation on management processes that support circular economy practices
8. Monitoring and reporting systems on circular economyInformation on systems implemented to monitor and report circular economy practices
9. Information systems on circular economyInformation on the use of information technology systems to track, analyse, optimise circular economy data
10. Collaboration platforms for circular economyInformation on the use of platforms for sharing information and best practices on circular economy
11. Internal financial mechanisms for circular economyInformation on internal financial mechanisms and policies that support investment in circular economy practices
12. Budgeting for circular economyInformation on how budgeting processes incorporate circular economy considerations
Circular Relational Capital
1. Circular imageInformation on how the brand image reflects the commitment to circular economy practices
2. Circular brandingInformation on specific initiatives taken to enhance the brand image as committed to circular practices
3. Circular economy customer programsInformation on programs designed to engage customers in circular economy practices
4. Customer education on circular economyInformation on initiatives to educate customers about sustainability and circular economy principles
5. Customer satisfaction on circular economy initiativesInformation on customer satisfaction regarding circular products and services
6. Customer satisfaction feedback mechanismsInformation on customer feedback specifically related to circular products and services
7. Circular economy reputationInformation on how the company name is associated with circular economy practices
8. Circular economy certifications and awardsInformation on circular economy certifications and awards
9. Circular logisticsInformation on the implementation of circular logistics practices in the distribution network
10. Circular supply chain managementInformation on how the distribution channels support circular supply chain practices
11. Partnership for circular economyInformation on collaborations with other organisations to promote circular economy initiatives
12. Joint ventures in circular economyInformation on joint ventures and partnerships specifically aimed at advancing circular economy goals
13. Circular economy licencing agreementInformation on licencing agreements that support the use and development of circular economy technologies and practices
14. Collaborative licencing for circular economyInformation on licencing agreements made in collaboration with other organisations to promote sustainability
Source(s): Raimo et al. (2025) 
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