Table 2 Measurement models for...

Table 2

Measurement models for Australia, Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia samples

Construct	Parameter		Factor loadings
Construct	Parameter		Australia	Hong Kong	Saudi Arabia
Level of Experience of Local Government AI	E1	AI-based smart parking assistant	0.543^***	0.683^***	0.678^***
	E2	AI-based traffic light control	0.710^***	0.805^***	0.620^***
	E3	Automated waste collection systems	0.609^***	0.741^***	0.580^***
	E4	Emergency response AI systems	0.590^***	0.702^***	0.766^***
	E5	Transport service schedule systems	0.607	0.709	0.750
	E6	Robotic front-desk services	0.580^***	0.732^***	0.714^***
Perceived Trust of Local Government AI	T1	Local government ability to use AI	0.567^***	0.786^***	0.732^***
	T2	Protects citizens' privacy and information	0.733^***	0.771^***	0.880^***
	T3	Use AI technology responsibly	0.823^***	0.830^***	0.870^***
	T4	AI is designed to assist our community	0.799^***	0.822^***	0.784^***
	T5	AI is accurate and reliable in decision-making	0.718	0.709	0.720
	T6	Follow the regulations when they use AI	0.774^***	0.828^***	0.911^***
Perceived Understanding of Local Government AI	U1	ML algorithms for city data analysis	0.829^***	0.822^***	0.706^***
	U2	Chatbots for public inquiries	0.715^***	0.637^***	0.763^***
	U3	Computer vision for public safety	0.704	0.840	0.801
Perceived Benefits of Local Government AI	B1	Efficient, accessible service delivery	0.750^***	0.786^***	0.793^***
	B2	Addressing urban challenges and sustainability	0.739^***	0.818^***	0.835^***
	B3	Infrastructure maintenance	0.744^***	0.791^***	0.733^***
	B4	Public safety and security	0.822	0.773	0.759
	B5	Administrative efficiency	0.670^***	0.760^***	0.780^***
	B6	Citizen satisfaction and engagement	0.776^***	0.850^***	0.871^***
Positive Attitudes toward Urban-AI	UAI1	Would you find this application useful? (Scenario: Crime Prediction)	0.717^***	0.725^***	0.763^***
	UAI2	Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? (Scenario: Crime Prediction)	0.741^***	0.754^***	0.697^***
	UAI3	Would you find this application useful? (Scenario: Traffic Flow AI)	0.511	0.566	0.822
	UAI4	Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? (Scenario: Traffic Flow AI)	0.567^***	0.527^***	0.745^***
Positive Attitudes toward Surveillance-AI	SAI1	Would you find this application useful? (Scenario: Surveillance-AI)	0.906^***	0.809^***	0.883^***
	SAI2	Would you believe that the decision would be similar to a human operator? (Scenario: Surveillance-AI)	0.605^***	0.651^***	0.691^***
	SAI3	Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? (Scenario: Surveillance-AI)	0.865	0.729	0.864
Perceived Risks of Local Government AI	R1	Ethical concerns in AI decisions	0.786^***	0.738^***	0.769^***
	R2	Loss of human responsibility	0.684^***	0.659^***	0.719^***
	R3	Data privacy violations	0.678^***	0.689^***	0.747^***
	R4	Bias and discrimination	0.711^***	0.598^***	0.624^***
	R5	Lack of legal AI standards	0.754	0.651	0.729
Perceived Importance of Responsible-AI Characteristics	RAI1	Ethical	0.672	0.774	0.743
	RAI2	Equitable	0.574^***	0.705^***	0.697^***
	RAI3	Harmless	0.555^***	0.700^***	0.726^***
	RAI4	Affordable	0.574^***	0.721^***	0.802^***
	RAI5	Adaptable	0.568^***	0.728^***	0.838^***
	RAI6	Inclusive	0.560^***	0.633^***	0.739^***
	RAI7	Explainable	0.677^***	0.754^***	0.843^***
	RAI8	Secure	0.692^***	0.815^***	0.869^***
	RAI9	Transparent	0.702^***	0.722^***	0.677^***
	RAI10	Deliberate	0.725^***	0.730^***	0.843^***
	RAI11	Meaningful	0.742^***	0.809^***	0.882^***
	RAI12	Sustainable	0.609^***	0.685^***	0.830^***
	RAI13	Accountable	0.750^***	0.751^***	0.759^***
	RAI14	Participatory	0.591^***	0.634^***	0.656^***
	RAI15	Regulated	0.675^***	0.777^***	0.818^***

Construct	Parameter		Factor loadings
Construct	Parameter		Australia	Hong Kong	Saudi Arabia
Level of Experience of Local Government AI	E1	AI-based smart parking assistant	0.543^***	0.683^***	0.678^***
	E2	AI-based traffic light control	0.710^***	0.805^***	0.620^***
	E3	Automated waste collection systems	0.609^***	0.741^***	0.580^***
	E4	Emergency response AI systems	0.590^***	0.702^***	0.766^***
	E5	Transport service schedule systems	0.607	0.709	0.750
	E6	Robotic front-desk services	0.580^***	0.732^***	0.714^***
Perceived Trust of Local Government AI	T1	Local government ability to use AI	0.567^***	0.786^***	0.732^***
	T2	Protects citizens' privacy and information	0.733^***	0.771^***	0.880^***
	T3	Use AI technology responsibly	0.823^***	0.830^***	0.870^***
	T4	AI is designed to assist our community	0.799^***	0.822^***	0.784^***
	T5	AI is accurate and reliable in decision-making	0.718	0.709	0.720
	T6	Follow the regulations when they use AI	0.774^***	0.828^***	0.911^***
Perceived Understanding of Local Government AI	U1	ML algorithms for city data analysis	0.829^***	0.822^***	0.706^***
	U2	Chatbots for public inquiries	0.715^***	0.637^***	0.763^***
	U3	Computer vision for public safety	0.704	0.840	0.801
Perceived Benefits of Local Government AI	B1	Efficient, accessible service delivery	0.750^***	0.786^***	0.793^***
	B2	Addressing urban challenges and sustainability	0.739^***	0.818^***	0.835^***
	B3	Infrastructure maintenance	0.744^***	0.791^***	0.733^***
	B4	Public safety and security	0.822	0.773	0.759
	B5	Administrative efficiency	0.670^***	0.760^***	0.780^***
	B6	Citizen satisfaction and engagement	0.776^***	0.850^***	0.871^***
Positive Attitudes toward Urban-AI	UAI1	Would you find this application useful? (Scenario: Crime Prediction)	0.717^***	0.725^***	0.763^***
	UAI2	Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? (Scenario: Crime Prediction)	0.741^***	0.754^***	0.697^***
	UAI3	Would you find this application useful? (Scenario: Traffic Flow AI)	0.511	0.566	0.822
	UAI4	Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? (Scenario: Traffic Flow AI)	0.567^***	0.527^***	0.745^***
Positive Attitudes toward Surveillance-AI	SAI1	Would you find this application useful? (Scenario: Surveillance-AI)	0.906^***	0.809^***	0.883^***
	SAI2	Would you believe that the decision would be similar to a human operator? (Scenario: Surveillance-AI)	0.605^***	0.651^***	0.691^***
	SAI3	Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? (Scenario: Surveillance-AI)	0.865	0.729	0.864
Perceived Risks of Local Government AI	R1	Ethical concerns in AI decisions	0.786^***	0.738^***	0.769^***
	R2	Loss of human responsibility	0.684^***	0.659^***	0.719^***
	R3	Data privacy violations	0.678^***	0.689^***	0.747^***
	R4	Bias and discrimination	0.711^***	0.598^***	0.624^***
	R5	Lack of legal AI standards	0.754	0.651	0.729
Perceived Importance of Responsible-AI Characteristics	RAI1	Ethical	0.672	0.774	0.743
	RAI2	Equitable	0.574^***	0.705^***	0.697^***
	RAI3	Harmless	0.555^***	0.700^***	0.726^***
	RAI4	Affordable	0.574^***	0.721^***	0.802^***
	RAI5	Adaptable	0.568^***	0.728^***	0.838^***
	RAI6	Inclusive	0.560^***	0.633^***	0.739^***
	RAI7	Explainable	0.677^***	0.754^***	0.843^***
	RAI8	Secure	0.692^***	0.815^***	0.869^***
	RAI9	Transparent	0.702^***	0.722^***	0.677^***
	RAI10	Deliberate	0.725^***	0.730^***	0.843^***
	RAI11	Meaningful	0.742^***	0.809^***	0.882^***
	RAI12	Sustainable	0.609^***	0.685^***	0.830^***
	RAI13	Accountable	0.750^***	0.751^***	0.759^***
	RAI14	Participatory	0.591^***	0.634^***	0.656^***
	RAI15	Regulated	0.675^***	0.777^***	0.818^***

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