Items used to estimate each latent construct in the model
| Constructs and items | Statements: Rate the following statements … … |
|---|---|
| Experience | I have experienced a local government … … |
| E1 | AI-based smart parking assistant |
| E2 | AI-based traffic light control |
| E3 | Automated waste collection systems |
| E4 | Emergency response AI systems |
| E5 | Transport service schedule systems |
| E6 | Robotic front-desk services |
| Perceived Trust | I trust … … |
| T1 | my local government has the ability to use artificial intelligence |
| T2 | my local government protects citizens' privacy and information |
| T3 | my local government will use AI technology responsibly |
| T4 | my local government AI is designed to assist our community |
| T5 | my local government AI is accurate and reliable in decision-making |
| T6 | my local government will follow the regulations when they use AI |
| Perceived Understanding | I understand that local governments use … … |
| U1 | Machine Learning algorithms to analyse city data like traffic patterns |
| U2 | Chatbots to answer public inquiries quickly |
| U3 | Computer vision technology to monitor public spaces for safety |
| Perceived Benefits | AI in local government benefits in … |
| B1 | Making public service delivery more efficient and accessible |
| B2 | Addressing complex urban challenges and sustainability issues |
| B3 | Improving Infrastructure maintenance |
| B4 | Enhancing public safety and security |
| B5 | Improving efficiency in administrative tasks |
| B6 | Enhancing citizen satisfaction and engagement |
| Positive Attitudes Toward Urban AI | Scenario-based evaluations: For each scenario, please rate your agreement on the following questions |
| UAI1 | Would you find this application useful? (You live in a busy city where crime rates are rising. City officials are using AI software that can predict future crime hotspots. This helps officials identify locations to place surveillance cameras where needed.) |
| UAI2 | Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? — Same scenario as UAI1 |
| UAI3 | Would you find this application useful? (You're driving through the city and notice smooth traffic even during rush hour. This is because your local government uses an AI system that analyses real-time traffic patterns.) |
| UAI4 | Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? — Same scenario as UAI3 |
| Positive Attitudes Toward Surveillance AI | Scenario-based evaluations: Please rate your agreement on the following questions |
| SAI1 | Would you find this application useful? (You're at the city park. It is monitored by an AI system with facial recognition for public safety. It scans your face along with everyone else's, comparing it against a watchlist of criminal suspects. If a match is detected, law enforcement is alerted.) |
| SAI2 | Would you believe that the decision would be similar to a human operator? — Same scenario as SAI1 |
| SAI3 | Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? — Same scenario as SAI1 |
| Perceived Risks | AI in local government cause risks in … … |
| R1 | Ethical concerns about AI decision-making |
| R2 | Loss of human responsibility in decision-making |
| R3 | Violations of data privacy |
| R4 | Potential for bias and discrimination in AI algorithms |
| R5 | Lack of clear legal standards for AI adoption in local government |
| Perceived Importance of Responsible AI Characteristics | I believe that the following aspects are important for the responsible use of AI in local governments |
| RAI1 | respects human dignity and privacy |
| RAI2 | are more fairly distributed to all |
| RAI3 | are more harmless to humans and the environment |
| RAI4 | financially affordable to citizens |
| RAI5 | flexible and easier to use |
| RAI6 | culturally inclusive |
| RAI7 | are more understandable |
| RAI8 | assures its security |
| RAI9 | transparently disclose its process |
| RAI10 | are more carefully designed |
| RAI11 | are more aligned with citizen needs |
| RAI12 | are more sustainable |
| RAI13 | ensures accountability |
| RAI14 | are involving wide stakeholder groups |
| RAI15 | are more regulated |
| Constructs and items | Statements: Rate the following statements … … |
|---|---|
| Experience | I have experienced a local government … … |
| E1 | AI-based smart parking assistant |
| E2 | AI-based traffic light control |
| E3 | Automated waste collection systems |
| E4 | Emergency response AI systems |
| E5 | Transport service schedule systems |
| E6 | Robotic front-desk services |
| Perceived Trust | I trust … … |
| T1 | my local government has the ability to use artificial intelligence |
| T2 | my local government protects citizens' privacy and information |
| T3 | my local government will use AI technology responsibly |
| T4 | my local government AI is designed to assist our community |
| T5 | my local government AI is accurate and reliable in decision-making |
| T6 | my local government will follow the regulations when they use AI |
| Perceived Understanding | I understand that local governments use … … |
| U1 | Machine Learning algorithms to analyse city data like traffic patterns |
| U2 | Chatbots to answer public inquiries quickly |
| U3 | Computer vision technology to monitor public spaces for safety |
| Perceived Benefits | AI in local government benefits in … |
| B1 | Making public service delivery more efficient and accessible |
| B2 | Addressing complex urban challenges and sustainability issues |
| B3 | Improving Infrastructure maintenance |
| B4 | Enhancing public safety and security |
| B5 | Improving efficiency in administrative tasks |
| B6 | Enhancing citizen satisfaction and engagement |
| Positive Attitudes Toward Urban AI | Scenario-based evaluations: For each scenario, please rate your agreement on the following questions |
| UAI1 | Would you find this application useful? (You live in a busy city where crime rates are rising. City officials are using AI software that can predict future crime hotspots. This helps officials identify locations to place surveillance cameras where needed.) |
| UAI2 | Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? — Same scenario as UAI1 |
| UAI3 | Would you find this application useful? (You're driving through the city and notice smooth traffic even during rush hour. This is because your local government uses an AI system that analyses real-time traffic patterns.) |
| UAI4 | Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? — Same scenario as UAI3 |
| Positive Attitudes Toward Surveillance AI | Scenario-based evaluations: Please rate your agreement on the following questions |
| SAI1 | Would you find this application useful? (You're at the city park. It is monitored by an AI system with facial recognition for public safety. It scans your face along with everyone else's, comparing it against a watchlist of criminal suspects. If a match is detected, law enforcement is alerted.) |
| SAI2 | Would you believe that the decision would be similar to a human operator? — Same scenario as SAI1 |
| SAI3 | Would you be comfortable with the use of this AI application? — Same scenario as SAI1 |
| Perceived Risks | AI in local government cause risks in … … |
| R1 | Ethical concerns about AI decision-making |
| R2 | Loss of human responsibility in decision-making |
| R3 | Violations of data privacy |
| R4 | Potential for bias and discrimination in AI algorithms |
| R5 | Lack of clear legal standards for AI adoption in local government |
| Perceived Importance of Responsible AI Characteristics | I believe that the following aspects are important for the responsible use of AI in local governments |
| RAI1 | respects human dignity and privacy |
| RAI2 | are more fairly distributed to all |
| RAI3 | are more harmless to humans and the environment |
| RAI4 | financially affordable to citizens |
| RAI5 | flexible and easier to use |
| RAI6 | culturally inclusive |
| RAI7 | are more understandable |
| RAI8 | assures its security |
| RAI9 | transparently disclose its process |
| RAI10 | are more carefully designed |
| RAI11 | are more aligned with citizen needs |
| RAI12 | are more sustainable |
| RAI13 | ensures accountability |
| RAI14 | are involving wide stakeholder groups |
| RAI15 | are more regulated |
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