Full hypotheses model (baseline model for refinement)
| Hypothesis | Path | Australia | Hong Kong | Saudi Arabia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Std. Estimate | t-ratio | Result | Std. Estimate | t-ratio | Result | Std. Estimate | t-ratio | Result | ||
| Structural Models for Baseline Model | ||||||||||
| H1 | E → U | 0.21 | 3.171*** | Supported | 0.427 | 7.503*** | Supported | 0.339 | 5.571*** | Supported |
| H2 | U → T | 0.236 | 3.830*** | Supported | 0.49 | 7.484*** | Supported | 0.351 | 5.712*** | Supported |
| H3(c) | T → UAI | 0.426 | 5.534*** | Supported | 0.504 | 6.877*** | Supported | 0.460 | 8.218*** | Supported |
| H3(a) | T → B | 0.434 | 6.958*** | Supported | 0.382 | 6.152*** | Supported | 0.331 | 5.399*** | Supported |
| H3(b) | T → R | −0.455 | −7.214*** | Supported | 0.199 | 3.286*** | Significant (positive) | 0.111 | 2.011** | Significant (positive) |
| H4(a) | UAI → SAI | 0.697 | 7.581*** | Supported | 0.796 | 8.517*** | Supported | 0.722 | 12.581*** | Supported |
| H4(b) | UAI → B | 0.390 | 5.41*** | Supported | 0.372 | 5.438*** | Supported | 0.371 | 6.716*** | Supported |
| H5(a) | R → RAI | 0.570 | 8.271*** | Supported | 0.481 | 7.882*** | Supported | 0.215 | 4.952*** | Supported |
| H5(b) | UAI → RAI | 0.096 | 1.294n.s | Not-Supported | 0.393 | 6.656*** | Supported | 0.493 | 8.048*** | Supported |
| H5(c) | B → RAI | 0.093 | 1.309n.s | Not-Supported | 0.030 | 0.498n.s | Not-Supported | 0.209 | 3.907*** | Supported |
| Hypothesis | Path | Australia | Hong Kong | Saudi Arabia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Std. Estimate | t-ratio | Result | Std. Estimate | t-ratio | Result | Std. Estimate | t-ratio | Result | ||
| Structural Models for Baseline Model | ||||||||||
| E → U | 0.21 | 3.171*** | Supported | 0.427 | 7.503*** | Supported | 0.339 | 5.571*** | Supported | |
| U → T | 0.236 | 3.830*** | Supported | 0.49 | 7.484*** | Supported | 0.351 | 5.712*** | Supported | |
| T → UAI | 0.426 | 5.534*** | Supported | 0.504 | 6.877*** | Supported | 0.460 | 8.218*** | Supported | |
| T → B | 0.434 | 6.958*** | Supported | 0.382 | 6.152*** | Supported | 0.331 | 5.399*** | Supported | |
| T → R | −0.455 | −7.214*** | Supported | 0.199 | 3.286*** | Significant (positive) | 0.111 | 2.011** | Significant (positive) | |
| UAI → SAI | 0.697 | 7.581*** | Supported | 0.796 | 8.517*** | Supported | 0.722 | 12.581*** | Supported | |
| UAI → B | 0.390 | 5.41*** | Supported | 0.372 | 5.438*** | Supported | 0.371 | 6.716*** | Supported | |
| R → RAI | 0.570 | 8.271*** | Supported | 0.481 | 7.882*** | Supported | 0.215 | 4.952*** | Supported | |
| UAI → RAI | 0.096 | 1.294n.s | Not-Supported | 0.393 | 6.656*** | Supported | 0.493 | 8.048*** | Supported | |
| B → RAI | 0.093 | 1.309n.s | Not-Supported | 0.030 | 0.498n.s | Not-Supported | 0.209 | 3.907*** | Supported | |
| Goodness-of-fit measures for Baseline Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goodness-of-fit measures | Estimates | Acceptable criteria | ||
| Australia | Hong Kong | Saudi Arabia | ||
| CMIN/DF | 1.756 | 1.868 | 1.906 | <3 |
| CFI | 0.910 | 0.911 | 0.926 | >0.90 |
| TLI | 0.901 | 0.903 | 0.919 | >0.90 |
| RMSEA | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.047 | <0.08 |
| SRMR | 0.0621 | 0.0734 | 0.0660 | <0.08 |
| Goodness-of-fit measures for Baseline Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goodness-of-fit measures | Estimates | Acceptable criteria | ||
| Australia | Hong Kong | Saudi Arabia | ||
| CMIN/DF | 1.756 | 1.868 | 1.906 | <3 |
| CFI | 0.910 | 0.911 | 0.926 | >0.90 |
| TLI | 0.901 | 0.903 | 0.919 | >0.90 |
| RMSEA | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.047 | <0.08 |
| SRMR | 0.0621 | 0.0734 | 0.0660 | <0.08 |
| Comparison of Baseline and Final Models | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Model | χ2 (df) | CFI | Δχ2 (Δdf) | ΔCFI |
| Australia | Baseline | 2045.58 (1,165) | 0.910 | – | – |
| Final | 2047.28 (1,166) | 0.910 | 1.69 (1), ns | 0.000 | |
| Hong Kong | Baseline | 2176.21 (1,165) | 0.911 | – | – |
| Final | 2176.44 (1,166) | 0.911 | 0.23 (1), ns | 0.000 | |
| Saudi Arabia | Baseline | 2221.01 (1,165) | 0.926 | – | – |
| Final | 2236.24 (1,166) | 0.925 | 15.23 (1), p < 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Comparison of Baseline and Final Models | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Model | CFI | Δ | ΔCFI | |
| Australia | Baseline | 2045.58 (1,165) | 0.910 | – | – |
| Final | 2047.28 (1,166) | 0.910 | 1.69 (1), ns | 0.000 | |
| Hong Kong | Baseline | 2176.21 (1,165) | 0.911 | – | – |
| Final | 2176.44 (1,166) | 0.911 | 0.23 (1), ns | 0.000 | |
| Saudi Arabia | Baseline | 2221.01 (1,165) | 0.926 | – | – |
| Final | 2236.24 (1,166) | 0.925 | 15.23 (1), | 0.001 | |
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