Table 4 Structure and measurement of HR... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Structure and measurement of HR

HRM Practices	Number of constructs	Question	Number of items	Example of items	Measurement scale	Manipulation
I.Recruitment	1	“Please indicate the frequency of the use of the following recruitment methods in your organization”	12	“word of mouth”, “social media”	“yes”: 1/“no”: 0	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
II.Job Descriptions	1	“Are there job descriptions in your organization?”	1		“yes, for all jobs”: 3, “yes, for the majority of jobs”: 2, “yes, for the minority of jobs”: 1, “no”: 0	standardization
III.Selection	1	“Please indicate the frequency of use of the following selection methods in your organization”	6	“interviews”, “social media profiles”	1–5 Likert scale, 1: “never”, 5: “always”	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
Staffing total	3					sum of I, II and III
IV.Training intensity	1	“When does employee training take place?”	4	“upon hire”, “upon promotion”	“yes”: 1/“no”: 0	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
V.Training participation	1	“How many employees participated in training programs during the previous year?”			Continuous variable (division of the number of trained employees by the total number of employees in each firm)	standardization
VI.Training frequency	1	“How often do you estimate the need for training of employees in your organization”	5		1–5 Likert scale, 1: “never”, 5: “always”	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
Training total	3		9			sum of IV, V and VI
VII.Stable Compensation	1	“Salaries and wages are defined…”	4	“Exactly at the minimum wage”, “somewhat above the minimum, wage”	1–4 Likert scale, 1: “exactly at the minimum wage”, 4: “more than (1.5 the minimum wage)”*	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
VIII.Performance- based Compensation	1	“Do you offer any of the following”	3	“Bonus based on individual goals/performance”, “bonus based on team goals/performance”	“yes”: 1/“no”: 0	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
Compensation total	2		7			sum of VII and VIII
IX.Appraisal	1	“Is the appraisal data used to inform decisions in the following areas?”	4	“Training and development”, “career moves”	0–3 Likert scale, 0: “not at all”, 3:” to a very great extent”	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
Appraisal total	1		4			sum of IX

HRM Practices	Number of constructs	Question	Number of items	Example of items	Measurement scale	Manipulation
I.Recruitment	1	“Please indicate the frequency of the use of the following recruitment methods in your organization”	12	“word of mouth”, “social media”	“yes”: 1/“no”: 0	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
II.Job Descriptions	1	“Are there job descriptions in your organization?”	1		“yes, for all jobs”: 3, “yes, for the majority of jobs”: 2, “yes, for the minority of jobs”: 1, “no”: 0	standardization
III.Selection	1	“Please indicate the frequency of use of the following selection methods in your organization”	6	“interviews”, “social media profiles”	1–5 Likert scale, 1: “never”, 5: “always”	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
Staffing total	3					sum of I, II and III
IV.Training intensity	1	“When does employee training take place?”	4	“upon hire”, “upon promotion”	“yes”: 1/“no”: 0	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
V.Training participation	1	“How many employees participated in training programs during the previous year?”			Continuous variable (division of the number of trained employees by the total number of employees in each firm)	standardization
VI.Training frequency	1	“How often do you estimate the need for training of employees in your organization”	5		1–5 Likert scale, 1: “never”, 5: “always”	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
Training total	3		9			sum of IV, V and VI
VII.Stable Compensation	1	“Salaries and wages are defined…”	4	“Exactly at the minimum wage”, “somewhat above the minimum, wage”	1–4 Likert scale, 1: “exactly at the minimum wage”, 4: “more than (1.5 * the minimum wage)”	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
VIII.Performance- based Compensation	1	“Do you offer any of the following”	3	“Bonus based on individual goals/performance”, “bonus based on team goals/performance”	“yes”: 1/“no”: 0	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
Compensation total	2		7			sum of VII and VIII
IX.Appraisal	1	“Is the appraisal data used to inform decisions in the following areas?”	4	“Training and development”, “career moves”	0–3 Likert scale, 0: “not at all”, 3:” to a very great extent”	standardization of each item, sum of items and standardization
Appraisal total	1		4			sum of IX

Source(s): Authors’ own work