Table 2 AI mechanisms targeting food...

Table 2

AI mechanisms targeting food consumption capability

Capability option	Examples	AI mechanism	Value for consumer	Sustainability-related outcome	Reference
Knowledge and skills in food preparation	AI cooking assistants, recipe recommenders	Personalization, Automation	Nutritional empowerment, Personalization, Convenience and accessibility	Less meat and food waste, lower emissions	Starke et al. (2025), Tanwar et al. (2024), Goulart et al. (2025)
Knowledge and skills in food handling and storage	Smart kitchen systems with monitoring and feedback	Context-aware monitoring, Visual/Feedback affordance	Behavioral support, Convenience and accessibility, Sustainability insight	Less household food waste	Kamran et al. (2021), Starke et al. (2025), Tanwar et al. (2024)
Knowledge and skills for informed consumer decision making	AI nutrition chatbots and dietary avatars	Comparative, nudging, and Explainability affordances	Trust and transparency, Sustainability insight, Nutritional empowerment, Personalization	More eco-labeled and local products chosen	Aman et al. (2025), Kamran et al. (2021), Linseisen et al. (2025), Zhang et al. (2020)
Planning and goal-setting skills for sustainable food behavior	AI-powered goal-setting and photo-based diet tracking app	Goal-setting, Monitoring, Feedback	Behavioral support, Personalization, Convenience, Self-identity	Lower food waste, improved diets	Alfiora and Gumulya (2025), Braga et al. (2024), Kamran et al. (2021), Linseisen et al. (2025), Starke et al. (2025)

Capability option	Examples	AI mechanism	Value for consumer	Sustainability-related outcome	Reference
Knowledge and skills in food preparation	AI cooking assistants, recipe recommenders	Personalization, Automation	Nutritional empowerment, Personalization, Convenience and accessibility	Less meat and food waste, lower emissions	Starke et al. (2025), Tanwar et al. (2024), Goulart et al. (2025)
Knowledge and skills in food handling and storage	Smart kitchen systems with monitoring and feedback	Context-aware monitoring, Visual/Feedback affordance	Behavioral support, Convenience and accessibility, Sustainability insight	Less household food waste	Kamran et al. (2021), Starke et al. (2025), Tanwar et al. (2024)
Knowledge and skills for informed consumer decision making	AI nutrition chatbots and dietary avatars	Comparative, nudging, and Explainability affordances	Trust and transparency, Sustainability insight, Nutritional empowerment, Personalization	More eco-labeled and local products chosen	Aman et al. (2025), Kamran et al. (2021), Linseisen et al. (2025), Zhang et al. (2020)
Planning and goal-setting skills for sustainable food behavior	AI-powered goal-setting and photo-based diet tracking app	Goal-setting, Monitoring, Feedback	Behavioral support, Personalization, Convenience, Self-identity	Lower food waste, improved diets	Alfiora and Gumulya (2025), Braga et al. (2024), Kamran et al. (2021), Linseisen et al. (2025), Starke et al. (2025)

Note(s): The table maps AI applications to consumer capability elements, showing how tools such as meal-planning apps, smart kitchen systems, and shopping interfaces strengthen skills and support sustainable food practices

Source(s): Authors’ own

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