Table 2. From exposure to designed... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

From exposure to designed ethical friction

Diagnostic manifestation and exposure condition	Contestability at risk	Observable diagnostic	Designed ethical friction
Decision friction deficit – moralized speed and compressed timelines	Capacity to suspend	No legitimate interruption points before execution	Mandatory pause point or escalation threshold
Accountability friction deficit – concentrated decision ownership	Effective challenge/accountability	Objections can be voiced but cannot alter the decision	Independent challenge authority; named decision owner
Data friction deficit – weak data provenance	Capacity to revise on evidence	Inputs cannot be traced or questioned before use	Data-origin review and provenance requirement
Dissent friction deficit – dependency and retaliation risk	Capacity to dissent safely	Concern is discouraged, delayed or privatized	Protected challenge channel; anti-retaliation rule

Diagnostic manifestation and exposure condition	Contestability at risk	Observable diagnostic	Designed ethical friction
Decision friction deficit – moralized speed and compressed timelines	Capacity to suspend	No legitimate interruption points before execution	Mandatory pause point or escalation threshold
Accountability friction deficit – concentrated decision ownership	Effective challenge/accountability	Objections can be voiced but cannot alter the decision	Independent challenge authority; named decision owner
Data friction deficit – weak data provenance	Capacity to revise on evidence	Inputs cannot be traced or questioned before use	Data-origin review and provenance requirement
Dissent friction deficit – dependency and retaliation risk	Capacity to dissent safely	Concern is discouraged, delayed or privatized	Protected challenge channel; anti-retaliation rule