List of variables, definitions and operationalisation
| Variable | Abb | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | ||
| Female immigrant entrepreneurship | FIEBinTE | Share of females born in a foreign country among the total number of entrepreneurs, aged 20–64 years (%) |
| FIEBinFE | Share of females born in a foreign country among female entrepreneurs, aged 20–64 years (%) | |
| FIECinTE | Share of females with foreign citizenship among the total number of entrepreneurs, aged 20–64 years (%) | |
| FIECinFE | Share of females with foreign citizenship among female entrepreneurs, aged 20–64 years (%) | |
| Independent variable | ||
| Social protection benefits | SPB | Expenditures on all functions of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Sickness and health care | SHC | Expenditures on the sickness/health care function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (in %) |
| Disability | D | Expenditures on the disability function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Old age | OA | Expenditures on the old age related function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Family and children | FC | Expenditures on the family and children function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Unemployment | U | Expenditures on the unemployment function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Control variables | ||
| Gini index | Gini | Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (scale from 0 to 100) |
| Governmental expenditure | GE | The share of total general government expenditure in gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Female unemployment rate | FU | Unemployment rate of women aged 20–64 years (%) |
| Variable | Abb | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Female immigrant entrepreneurship | FIEBinTE | Share of females born in a foreign country among the total number of entrepreneurs, aged 20–64 years (%) |
| FIEBinFE | Share of females born in a foreign country among female entrepreneurs, aged 20–64 years (%) | |
| FIECinTE | Share of females with foreign citizenship among the total number of entrepreneurs, aged 20–64 years (%) | |
| FIECinFE | Share of females with foreign citizenship among female entrepreneurs, aged 20–64 years (%) | |
| Social protection benefits | SPB | Expenditures on all functions of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Sickness and health care | SHC | Expenditures on the sickness/health care function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (in %) |
| Disability | D | Expenditures on the disability function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Old age | OA | Expenditures on the old age related function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Family and children | FC | Expenditures on the family and children function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Unemployment | U | Expenditures on the unemployment function of social protection benefits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Gini index | Gini | Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (scale from 0 to 100) |
| Governmental expenditure | GE | The share of total general government expenditure in gross domestic product (GDP) (%) |
| Female unemployment rate | FU | Unemployment rate of women aged 20–64 years (%) |
Note(s): Own elaboration based on the Eurostat methodology
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