Panel regression estimates for all functions of social benefits expenditures as an independent variable
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | lnFIEBinTE | lnFIEBinFE | lnFIECinTE | llFIECinFE |
| constant | −1.586 (1.328) | 0.490 (1.138) | −3.404* (1.557) | −1.656 (1.304) |
| Independent variable | ||||
| lnSPB | 1.549*** (0.271) | 1.173*** (0.232) | 2.211*** (0.347) | 1.616*** (0.291) |
| Control variables | ||||
| lnGini | 1.094** (0.359) | 0.683* (0.307) | 1.380** (0.440) | 1.079** (0.369) |
| lnGE | −1.430*** (0.295) | −1.006*** (0.251) | −1.827*** (0.347) | −1.231*** (0.290) |
| lnFU | −0.179*** (0.052) | −0.167*** (0.044) | −0.208*** (0.061) | −0.194*** (0.051) |
| Fit statistics of models | ||||
| Breusch-Pagan test | χ2 (1) = 1220.28 p = 0 | χ2 (1) = 1230.38 p = 0 | χ2 (1) = 1316.88 p = 0 | χ2 (1) = 1332.61 p = 0 |
| Hausman test | χ2 (4) = 1.365 p = 0.850 | χ2 (4) = 2.182 p = 0.702 | χ2 (4) = 12.973 p = 0.011 | χ2 (4) = 13.406 p = 0.009 |
| Effects | random | random | Fixed | fixed |
| No. of countries | 24 | 24 | 21 | 21 |
| No. of observations | 362 | 362 | 294 | 294 |
| F | F(4, 269) = 12.974 p = 0.000 | F(4, 269) = 11.008 p = 0.000 | ||
| χ2 | χ2(4) = 41.459 p = 0.000 | χ2(4) = 34.465 p = 0.000 | ||
| LSDV R2 | 0.904 | 0.930 | ||
| Within R2 | 0.162 | 0.141 | ||
| “Between” variance | 0.738 | 0.762 | ||
| “Within” variance | 0.069 | 0.050 | ||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | lnFIEBinTE | lnFIEBinFE | lnFIECinTE | llFIECinFE |
| constant | −1.586 (1.328) | 0.490 (1.138) | −3.404* (1.557) | −1.656 (1.304) |
| lnSPB | 1.549*** (0.271) | 1.173*** (0.232) | 2.211*** (0.347) | 1.616*** (0.291) |
| lnGini | 1.094** (0.359) | 0.683* (0.307) | 1.380** (0.440) | 1.079** (0.369) |
| lnGE | −1.430*** (0.295) | −1.006*** (0.251) | −1.827*** (0.347) | −1.231*** (0.290) |
| lnFU | −0.179*** (0.052) | −0.167*** (0.044) | −0.208*** (0.061) | −0.194*** (0.051) |
| Breusch-Pagan test | ||||
| Hausman test | ||||
| Effects | random | random | Fixed | fixed |
| No. of countries | 24 | 24 | 21 | 21 |
| No. of observations | 362 | 362 | 294 | 294 |
| F | F(4, 269) = 12.974 | F(4, 269) = 11.008 | ||
| LSDV | 0.904 | 0.930 | ||
| Within | 0.162 | 0.141 | ||
| “Between” variance | 0.738 | 0.762 | ||
| “Within” variance | 0.069 | 0.050 | ||
Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05
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