Table 3

Panel regression estimates for expenditures on sickness and health care function as an independent variable

Model 5Model 6Model 7Model 8
Dependent variablelnFIEBinTElnFIEBinFElnFIECinTEllFIECinFE
constant−0.417 (1.370)1.359 (1.166)−2.901 (1.626)−1.151 (1.375)
Independent variable
lnSHC0.415 (0.216)0.260 (0.184)0.262 (0.252)0.214 (0.216)
Control variables
lnGini0.726* (0.367)0.395 (0.312)1.296** (0.453)0.943* (0.389)
lnGE−0.403 (0.252)−0.187 (0.214)−0.243 (0.287)−0.051 (0.242)
lnFU−0.073 (0.058)−0.092 (0.049)−0.131 (0.074)−0.126* (0.062)
Fit statistics of models
Breusch-Pagan testχ2 (1) = 1363.8 p = 0χ2 (1) = 1414.61 p = 0χ2 (1) = 1285.14 p = 0χ2 (1) = 1333.23 p = 0
Hausman testχ2 (4) = 1.800 p = 0.773χ2 (4) = 2.572 p = 0.632χ2 (4) = 9.237 p = 0.055χ2 (4) = 10.033 p = 0.040
Effectsrandomrandomrandomfixed
No. of countries24242121
No. of observation362362294294
F   F(4, 269) = 3.213 p = 0.013
χ2χ2(4) = 11.738 p = 0.019χ2(4) = 10.312 p = 0.035χ2(4) = 13.368 p = 0.010 
LSDV R2   0.922
Within R2   0.046
“Between” variance0.7510.7730.475 
“Within” variance0.0750.0530.080 

Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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