Table 6

Panel regression estimates for expenditures on the family and children function as an independent variable

Model 17Model 18Model 19Model 20
Dependent variablelnFIEBinTElnFIEBinFElnFIECinTEllFIECinFE
constant−0.700 (1.343)1.175 (1.153)−4.588** (1.576)−2.525 (1.320)
Independent variable
lnFC−0.478*** (0.115)−0.293** (0.099)−0.966*** (0.150)−0.707*** (0.125)
Control variables
lnGini0.214 (0.371)0.082 (0.318)0.801 (0.441)0.656 (0.369)
lnGE0.447* (0.214)0.339 (0.183)0.988*** (0.239)0.827*** (0.200)
lnFU−0.160** (0.053)−0.146** (0.045)−0.230*** (0.062)−0.210*** (0.052)
Fit statistics of models
Breusch-Pagan testχ2 (1) = 1220.61 p = 0χ2 (1) = 1308.41 p = 0χ2 (1) = 993.053 p = 0χ2 (1) = 1010.91 p = 0
Hausman testχ2 (4) = 4.626 p = 0.328χ2 (4) = 2.826 p = 0.587χ2 (4) = 27.160 p = 0.000χ2 (4) = 22.770 p = 0.0001
EffectsrandomrandomFixedfixed
No. of countries24242121
No. of observation362362294294
F  F(4, 269) = 13.263 p = 0.000F(4, 269) = 11.262 p = 0.000
χ2χ2(4) = 25.603 p = 0.000χ2(4) = 17.278 p = 0.001  
LSDV R2  0.9040.930
Within R2  0.1650.143
“Between” variance0.7950.843  
“Within” variance0.0710.052  

Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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