Table 8

Panel regression estimates for robustness check controlling for migration intensity

Model 1.1Model 3.1Model 13.1Model 15.1Model 17.1Model 19.1
Dependent variablelnFIEBinTElnFIECinTElnFIEBinTElnFIECinTElnFIEBinTElnFIECinTE
constant−0.304 (1.029)−0.121 (1.235)0.244 (1.091)0.501 (1.199)0.212 (1.100)−0.856 (1.254)
Independent variable
lnSPB0.552** (0.204)1.074*** (0.284)    
lnOA  0.484*** (0.157)0.833*** (0.158)  
lnFC    −0.208* (0.092)−0.521*** (0.122)
Control variables
lnFCB1.110*** (0.059) 1.007*** (0.081) 1.048*** (0.079) 
lnFCIT 1.013*** (0.076) 0.953*** (0.076) 1.003*** (0.075)
lnGini0.104 (0.286)−0.008 (0.357)−0.0003 (0.318)−0.111 (0.345)−0.207 (0.328)−0.277 (0.350)
lnGE−0.841*** (0.208)−1.215*** (0.273)−0.640*** (0.148)−0.816*** (0.170)−0.179 (0.158)0.205 (0.195)
lnFU−0.022 (0.041)0.010 (0.051)−0.049 (0.046)−0.063 (0.053)−0.010 (0.043)−0.012 (0.051)
Fit statistics of models
Breusch-Pagan testχ2 (1) = 530.67 p = 0χ2 (1) = 269.61 p = 0χ2 (1) = 579.22 p = 0χ2 (1) = 388.64 p = 0χ2 (1) = 582.72 p = 0χ2 (1) = 390.11 p = 0
Hausman testχ2 (5) = 8.85 p = 0.115χ2 (5) = 13.77 p = 0.017χ2 (5) = 12.48 p = 0.029χ2 (5) = 32.19 p < 0.001χ2 (5) = 12.58 p = 0.028χ2 (5) = 23.31 p < 0.001
EffectsrandomFixedfixedfixedfixedfixed
No. of countries242124212421
No. of observations307290307290307290
F F(5, 264) = 52.375 p = 0.000F(5, 278) = 49.977 p = 0.000F(5, 264) = 57.497 p = 0.000F(5, 278) = 48.393 p = 0.000F(5, 264) = 53.8161 p = 0.000
χ2χ2(5) = 443.90 p = 0.000     
LSDV R2 0.9420.9550.9450.9540.943
Within R2 0.4980.4730.5210.4650.505
“Between” variance0.069     
“Within” variance0.031     

Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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