Panel regression estimates for robustness check controlling for migration intensity
| Model 1.1 | Model 3.1 | Model 13.1 | Model 15.1 | Model 17.1 | Model 19.1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | lnFIEBinTE | lnFIECinTE | lnFIEBinTE | lnFIECinTE | lnFIEBinTE | lnFIECinTE |
| constant | −0.304 (1.029) | −0.121 (1.235) | 0.244 (1.091) | 0.501 (1.199) | 0.212 (1.100) | −0.856 (1.254) |
| Independent variable | ||||||
| lnSPB | 0.552** (0.204) | 1.074*** (0.284) | ||||
| lnOA | 0.484*** (0.157) | 0.833*** (0.158) | ||||
| lnFC | −0.208* (0.092) | −0.521*** (0.122) | ||||
| Control variables | ||||||
| lnFCB | 1.110*** (0.059) | 1.007*** (0.081) | 1.048*** (0.079) | |||
| lnFCIT | 1.013*** (0.076) | 0.953*** (0.076) | 1.003*** (0.075) | |||
| lnGini | 0.104 (0.286) | −0.008 (0.357) | −0.0003 (0.318) | −0.111 (0.345) | −0.207 (0.328) | −0.277 (0.350) |
| lnGE | −0.841*** (0.208) | −1.215*** (0.273) | −0.640*** (0.148) | −0.816*** (0.170) | −0.179 (0.158) | 0.205 (0.195) |
| lnFU | −0.022 (0.041) | 0.010 (0.051) | −0.049 (0.046) | −0.063 (0.053) | −0.010 (0.043) | −0.012 (0.051) |
| Fit statistics of models | ||||||
| Breusch-Pagan test | χ2 (1) = 530.67 p = 0 | χ2 (1) = 269.61 p = 0 | χ2 (1) = 579.22 p = 0 | χ2 (1) = 388.64 p = 0 | χ2 (1) = 582.72 p = 0 | χ2 (1) = 390.11 p = 0 |
| Hausman test | χ2 (5) = 8.85 p = 0.115 | χ2 (5) = 13.77 p = 0.017 | χ2 (5) = 12.48 p = 0.029 | χ2 (5) = 32.19 p < 0.001 | χ2 (5) = 12.58 p = 0.028 | χ2 (5) = 23.31 p < 0.001 |
| Effects | random | Fixed | fixed | fixed | fixed | fixed |
| No. of countries | 24 | 21 | 24 | 21 | 24 | 21 |
| No. of observations | 307 | 290 | 307 | 290 | 307 | 290 |
| F | F(5, 264) = 52.375 p = 0.000 | F(5, 278) = 49.977 p = 0.000 | F(5, 264) = 57.497 p = 0.000 | F(5, 278) = 48.393 p = 0.000 | F(5, 264) = 53.8161 p = 0.000 | |
| χ2 | χ2(5) = 443.90 p = 0.000 | |||||
| LSDV R2 | 0.942 | 0.955 | 0.945 | 0.954 | 0.943 | |
| Within R2 | 0.498 | 0.473 | 0.521 | 0.465 | 0.505 | |
| “Between” variance | 0.069 | |||||
| “Within” variance | 0.031 | |||||
| Model 1.1 | Model 3.1 | Model 13.1 | Model 15.1 | Model 17.1 | Model 19.1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | lnFIEBinTE | lnFIECinTE | lnFIEBinTE | lnFIECinTE | lnFIEBinTE | lnFIECinTE |
| constant | −0.304 (1.029) | −0.121 (1.235) | 0.244 (1.091) | 0.501 (1.199) | 0.212 (1.100) | −0.856 (1.254) |
| lnSPB | 0.552** (0.204) | 1.074*** (0.284) | ||||
| lnOA | 0.484*** (0.157) | 0.833*** (0.158) | ||||
| lnFC | −0.208* (0.092) | −0.521*** (0.122) | ||||
| lnFCB | 1.110*** (0.059) | 1.007*** (0.081) | 1.048*** (0.079) | |||
| lnFCIT | 1.013*** (0.076) | 0.953*** (0.076) | 1.003*** (0.075) | |||
| lnGini | 0.104 (0.286) | −0.008 (0.357) | −0.0003 (0.318) | −0.111 (0.345) | −0.207 (0.328) | −0.277 (0.350) |
| lnGE | −0.841*** (0.208) | −1.215*** (0.273) | −0.640*** (0.148) | −0.816*** (0.170) | −0.179 (0.158) | 0.205 (0.195) |
| lnFU | −0.022 (0.041) | 0.010 (0.051) | −0.049 (0.046) | −0.063 (0.053) | −0.010 (0.043) | −0.012 (0.051) |
| Breusch-Pagan test | ||||||
| Hausman test | ||||||
| Effects | random | Fixed | fixed | fixed | fixed | fixed |
| No. of countries | 24 | 21 | 24 | 21 | 24 | 21 |
| No. of observations | 307 | 290 | 307 | 290 | 307 | 290 |
| F | F(5, 264) = 52.375 | F(5, 278) = 49.977 | F(5, 264) = 57.497 | F(5, 278) = 48.393 | F(5, 264) = 53.8161 | |
| LSDV | 0.942 | 0.955 | 0.945 | 0.954 | 0.943 | |
| Within | 0.498 | 0.473 | 0.521 | 0.465 | 0.505 | |
| “Between” variance | 0.069 | |||||
| “Within” variance | 0.031 | |||||
Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05
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