Measurement indicators
| AI capabilities (AVE = 0.584; CR = 0.916) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, we … | ||||||
| Perceptive capabilities | 0.822 | 0.897 | PER1 | 0.886 | Continuously monitor equipment performance | Renfei and Zhongwen (2026) |
| PER2 | 0.913 | Recognize real-time usage patterns and anomalies | ||||
| PER3 | 0.920 | Augmented transparency and problem solving | ||||
| Predictive capabilities | 0.716 | 0.805 | PRD1 | 0.884 | Proactively anticipate and react to changes | |
| PRD2 | 0.863 | Forecast future outcomes | ||||
| PRD3 | 0.789 | Automated suggestions and decision making | ||||
| Prescriptive capabilities | 0.744 | 0.837 | PRS1 | 0.896 | Conduct real-time problem solving | |
| PRS2 | 0.814 | Improve proactive risk management | ||||
| PRS3 | 0.876 | Augmented decision making with AI prescriptions | ||||
| AI capabilities (AVE = 0.584; CR = 0.916) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, we … | ||||||
| Perceptive capabilities | 0.822 | 0.897 | PER1 | 0.886 | Continuously monitor equipment performance | |
| PER2 | 0.913 | Recognize real-time usage patterns and anomalies | ||||
| PER3 | 0.920 | Augmented transparency and problem solving | ||||
| Predictive capabilities | 0.716 | 0.805 | PRD1 | 0.884 | Proactively anticipate and react to changes | |
| PRD2 | 0.863 | Forecast future outcomes | ||||
| PRD3 | 0.789 | Automated suggestions and decision making | ||||
| Prescriptive capabilities | 0.744 | 0.837 | PRS1 | 0.896 | Conduct real-time problem solving | |
| PRS2 | 0.814 | Improve proactive risk management | ||||
| PRS3 | 0.876 | Augmented decision making with AI prescriptions | ||||
| Green leadership (AVE = 0.743; CR = 0.931) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, the leaders … | ||||||
| Green Leadership | 0.743 | 0.931 | GLP1 | 0.854 | Inspire a shared vision of the organization as environmentally sustainable, creating or maintaining green values throughout the company | Othman et al. (2026) |
| GLP2 | 0.897 | Rewards the development of ideas related to green innovation | ||||
| GLP3 | 0.844 | Offers promotions and rewards to employees for green performance | ||||
| GLP4 | 0.884 | Use well-developed approaches to environmental management, which generally center around a program customized to the company's specific business and market | ||||
| GLP5 | 0.822 | Create partnerships with the company's stakeholders to solve environmental problems and accomplish environmental goals | ||||
| GLP6 | 0.869 | Can take on the responsibility of environmental education with the intent of engaging employees in environmental management initiatives | ||||
| Green leadership (AVE = 0.743; CR = 0.931) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, the leaders … | ||||||
| Green Leadership | 0.743 | 0.931 | GLP1 | 0.854 | Inspire a shared vision of the organization as environmentally sustainable, creating or maintaining green values throughout the company | |
| GLP2 | 0.897 | Rewards the development of ideas related to green innovation | ||||
| GLP3 | 0.844 | Offers promotions and rewards to employees for green performance | ||||
| GLP4 | 0.884 | Use well-developed approaches to environmental management, which generally center around a program customized to the company's specific business and market | ||||
| GLP5 | 0.822 | Create partnerships with the company's stakeholders to solve environmental problems and accomplish environmental goals | ||||
| GLP6 | 0.869 | Can take on the responsibility of environmental education with the intent of engaging employees in environmental management initiatives | ||||
| Circular business model innovation (AVE = 0.701; CR = 0.916) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, our business models … | ||||||
| Augmented Business Models | 0.782 | 0.862 | AGM1 | 0.876 | Intensifying and optimizing resource usage | Renfei and Zhongwen (2026) |
| AGM2 | 0.874 | Extending product life cycles | ||||
| AGM3 | 0.903 | Conduct system optimization | ||||
| Automation Business Models | 0.755 | 0.838 | AUT1 | 0.895 | Dematerializing resource consumptions | |
| AUT2 | 0.852 | Intensifying asset utilization | ||||
| AUT3 | 0.859 | Extending product lifespan | ||||
| Circular business model innovation (AVE = 0.701; CR = 0.916) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, our business models … | ||||||
| Augmented Business Models | 0.782 | 0.862 | AGM1 | 0.876 | Intensifying and optimizing resource usage | |
| AGM2 | 0.874 | Extending product life cycles | ||||
| AGM3 | 0.903 | Conduct system optimization | ||||
| Automation Business Models | 0.755 | 0.838 | AUT1 | 0.895 | Dematerializing resource consumptions | |
| AUT2 | 0.852 | Intensifying asset utilization | ||||
| AUT3 | 0.859 | Extending product lifespan | ||||
| Green technology innovation (AVE = 0.689; CR = 0.968) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, the firm … | ||||||
| Green product innovation | 0.774 | 0.927 | GPD1 | 0.883 | Places significant emphasis on the creation of innovative products or services that are environmentally sustainable for consumers | Masoudi and Shahin (2025) |
| GPD2 | 0.862 | Manufactures eco-friendly products that adhere to national environmental regulations | ||||
| GPD3 | 0.901 | Prioritizes the production of products that are designed to be more energy-efficient | ||||
| GPD4 | 0.878 | Concentrates on utilizing raw materials that require reduced energy and resource consumption | ||||
| GPD5 | 0.874 | Places considerable importance on the advancement of projects related to green product development | ||||
| Green process innovation | 0.749 | 0.917 | GPC1 | 0.891 | Have been considerably minimized the emissions of the three industrial wastes | |
| GPC2 | 0.863 | Regularly integrates new technologies and equipment into its production processes to enhance pollution reduction and optimize resource efficiency | ||||
| GPC3 | 0.866 | Prioritizes the modernization of its production processes to mitigate adverse effects on both the environment and its workforce | ||||
| GPC4 | 0.894 | Emphasizes the enhancement of production processes to align more effectively with increasing environmental regulations | ||||
| GPC5 | 0.811 | Dedicated to the adoption of renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, and bioenergy | ||||
| End-of-line management innovation | 0.752 | 0.918 | EOL1 | 0.841 | Continually improves the technology for treating wastewater | |
| EOL2 | 0.878 | Consistently upgrades the technology for managing waste gas | ||||
| EOL3 | 0.885 | Enhances the technology for waste treatment | ||||
| EOL4 | 0.873 | Persistently advances the technology for controlling noise and vibration pollution at the firm | ||||
| EOL5 | 0.859 | Researches the treatment technologies for the “three wastes” | ||||
| Green technology innovation (AVE = 0.689; CR = 0.968) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, the firm … | ||||||
| Green product innovation | 0.774 | 0.927 | GPD1 | 0.883 | Places significant emphasis on the creation of innovative products or services that are environmentally sustainable for consumers | |
| GPD2 | 0.862 | Manufactures eco-friendly products that adhere to national environmental regulations | ||||
| GPD3 | 0.901 | Prioritizes the production of products that are designed to be more energy-efficient | ||||
| GPD4 | 0.878 | Concentrates on utilizing raw materials that require reduced energy and resource consumption | ||||
| GPD5 | 0.874 | Places considerable importance on the advancement of projects related to green product development | ||||
| Green process innovation | 0.749 | 0.917 | GPC1 | 0.891 | Have been considerably minimized the emissions of the three industrial wastes | |
| GPC2 | 0.863 | Regularly integrates new technologies and equipment into its production processes to enhance pollution reduction and optimize resource efficiency | ||||
| GPC3 | 0.866 | Prioritizes the modernization of its production processes to mitigate adverse effects on both the environment and its workforce | ||||
| GPC4 | 0.894 | Emphasizes the enhancement of production processes to align more effectively with increasing environmental regulations | ||||
| GPC5 | 0.811 | Dedicated to the adoption of renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, and bioenergy | ||||
| End-of-line management innovation | 0.752 | 0.918 | EOL1 | 0.841 | Continually improves the technology for treating wastewater | |
| EOL2 | 0.878 | Consistently upgrades the technology for managing waste gas | ||||
| EOL3 | 0.885 | Enhances the technology for waste treatment | ||||
| EOL4 | 0.873 | Persistently advances the technology for controlling noise and vibration pollution at the firm | ||||
| EOL5 | 0.859 | Researches the treatment technologies for the “three wastes” | ||||
| Sustainability-oriented corporate performance (AVE = 0.571; CR = 0.958) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, we … | ||||||
| Environmental performance | 0.652 | 0.927 | ENP1 | 0.751 | Chose inputs from sources that are remediated or replenished | Renfei et al. (2026) |
| ENP2 | 0.852 | Reduced environmental impacts of production processes or eliminated environmentally damaging processes | ||||
| ENP3 | 0.866 | Reduced operations in environmentally sensitive locations | ||||
| ENP4 | 0.840 | Reduced likelihood of environmental accidents through process improvements | ||||
| ENP5 | 0.833 | Reduced waste by streamlining processes | ||||
| ENP6 | 0.697 | Used waste as inputs for own processes | ||||
| ENP7 | 0.826 | Disposed of waste responsibly | ||||
| ENP8 | 0.783 | Handled or stored toxic waste responsibly | ||||
| Social performance | 0.673 | 0.905 | SCP1 | 0.762 | Considered stakeholder interests in investments by creating a formal dialog | |
| SCP2 | 0.788 | Communicated the firm's environmental impacts and risks to the public | ||||
| SCP3 | 0.840 | Improved employee or community health and safety | ||||
| SCP4 | 0.863 | Protected claims and rights of local community | ||||
| SCP5 | 0.870 | Showed concern for the visual aspects of the firm's facilities and operations | ||||
| SCP6 | 0.794 | Recognized and acted on the need to fund local community initiatives | ||||
| Economic performance | 0.556 | 0.768 | ECP1 | 0.854 | Worked with government officials to protect the company's interests | |
| ECP2 | 0.802 | Reduced costs of inputs for same level of outputs | ||||
| ECP3 | 0.590 | Sold waste products for revenue | ||||
| ECP4 | 0.710 | Created spin-off technologies that could be profitably applied to other areas of the business | ||||
| Sustainability-oriented corporate performance (AVE = 0.571; CR = 0.958) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | AVE | CR | Code | SLF | Indicators | Sources |
| On average, in the past 3 years, we … | ||||||
| Environmental performance | 0.652 | 0.927 | ENP1 | 0.751 | Chose inputs from sources that are remediated or replenished | |
| ENP2 | 0.852 | Reduced environmental impacts of production processes or eliminated environmentally damaging processes | ||||
| ENP3 | 0.866 | Reduced operations in environmentally sensitive locations | ||||
| ENP4 | 0.840 | Reduced likelihood of environmental accidents through process improvements | ||||
| ENP5 | 0.833 | Reduced waste by streamlining processes | ||||
| ENP6 | 0.697 | Used waste as inputs for own processes | ||||
| ENP7 | 0.826 | Disposed of waste responsibly | ||||
| ENP8 | 0.783 | Handled or stored toxic waste responsibly | ||||
| Social performance | 0.673 | 0.905 | SCP1 | 0.762 | Considered stakeholder interests in investments by creating a formal dialog | |
| SCP2 | 0.788 | Communicated the firm's environmental impacts and risks to the public | ||||
| SCP3 | 0.840 | Improved employee or community health and safety | ||||
| SCP4 | 0.863 | Protected claims and rights of local community | ||||
| SCP5 | 0.870 | Showed concern for the visual aspects of the firm's facilities and operations | ||||
| SCP6 | 0.794 | Recognized and acted on the need to fund local community initiatives | ||||
| Economic performance | 0.556 | 0.768 | ECP1 | 0.854 | Worked with government officials to protect the company's interests | |
| ECP2 | 0.802 | Reduced costs of inputs for same level of outputs | ||||
| ECP3 | 0.590 | Sold waste products for revenue | ||||
| ECP4 | 0.710 | Created spin-off technologies that could be profitably applied to other areas of the business | ||||
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