Positioning of this study relative to representative prior research
| Relevant literatures | Green innovation conceptualization | Role of leadership | Role of AI capabilities | Method | Relevant development of this study compared to previous literatures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renfei and Zhongwen (2026) | Circular Business Model Innovation and sustainable performance | Managerial cognition as enabler | Direct driver of circular transition | SEM | Adds Green Technology Innovation as contrasting outcome; tests mediation |
| Al Koliby et al. (2025) | Green innovation (aggregate) | Green knowledge-oriented leadership as antecedent | Green AI capability as moderator | SEM | Reverses the roles: AI capabilities as antecedent, leadership as mediator |
| Sun et al. (2025a, b) | Green innovation (aggregate) | – | Moderator of boundary-spanning search | SEM | AI capabilities as focal antecedent; disaggregated outcomes |
| Ahmad et al. (2025) | Sustainable firm performance | AI-oriented leadership as antecedent | Resource enabling frugal innovation | SEM | Green Leadership as conversion mechanism, not parallel input |
| Hou et al. (2026) | Circular supply-chain practices | Green leadership with innovation ambidexterity | Enabler of the leadership–ambidexterity link | SEM | Adds configurational (necessity/sufficiency) evidence |
| This study | Circular Business Model Innovation vs. Green Technology Innovation, disaggregated | Green Leadership as Mediator; quasi-necessary for Green Technology Innovation | Antecedent, decomposed into perceptive, predictive, and prescriptive capabilities | SEM + fsQCA | – |
| Relevant literatures | Green innovation conceptualization | Role of leadership | Role of AI capabilities | Method | Relevant development of this study compared to previous literatures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circular Business Model Innovation and sustainable performance | Managerial cognition as enabler | Direct driver of circular transition | SEM | Adds Green Technology Innovation as contrasting outcome; tests mediation | |
| Green innovation (aggregate) | Green knowledge-oriented leadership as antecedent | Green AI capability as moderator | SEM | Reverses the roles: AI capabilities as antecedent, leadership as mediator | |
| Green innovation (aggregate) | – | Moderator of boundary-spanning search | SEM | AI capabilities as focal antecedent; disaggregated outcomes | |
| Sustainable firm performance | AI-oriented leadership as antecedent | Resource enabling frugal innovation | SEM | Green Leadership as conversion mechanism, not parallel input | |
| Circular supply-chain practices | Green leadership with innovation ambidexterity | Enabler of the leadership–ambidexterity link | SEM | Adds configurational (necessity/sufficiency) evidence | |
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