Table 4 Validity and reliability of the...

Table 4

Validity and reliability of the measurement scale

Construct	Item	Question	EFA loadings	Cronbach's α	CR	AVE
Creation of public value	PV_1	This CPIA creates public value because it promotes the acquisition of essential basic skills by students	0.717	0.914	0.874	0.537
	PV_2	This CPIA creates public value because focuses on developing key competencies necessary for the evolving job market	0.615
	PV_3	This CPIA creates public value because is committed to the inclusion of all students, considering their social and cultural backgrounds	0.743
	PV_4	This CPIA creates public value because promotes the development of socio-emotional skills and supports student well-being	0.591
	PV_5	This CPIA creates public value because is oriented toward the development of transversal skills	0.578
	PV_6	This CPIA creates public value because is engaged in building local networks to foster adult skill development	0.517
Student-centered teaching processes	Teach_1	The school systematically collects feedback from its students to identify critical issues, strengths, and areas for improvement	0.630	0.918	0.885	0.568
	Teach_2	The school monitors the level of well- being and motivation of its students	0.610
	Teach_3	The school uses tools to assess the reasons for student dropout	0.673
	Teach_4	The Agorà systems are effective in keeping students engaged	0.599
	Teach_5	The school is able to re-motivate students at risk of dropping out through targeted actions	0.665
	Teach_6	The school staff shares with the students the results of assessments conducted on the effectiveness of the teaching processes implemented	0.617
Distributed leadership	Lead_1	System figures are selected based on recognition from their colleagues	0.482	0.939	0.917	0.592
	Lead_2	System figures are committed to facilitating both individual and group professional development activities	0.700
	Lead_3	System figures guide and support the teachers they coordinate	0.732
	Lead_4	System figures develop the potential of other colleagues so they can take on coordination roles themselves	0.726
	Lead_5	System figures provide all teaching staff with opportunities to participate in decision-making processes	0.699
	Lead_6	System figures promote responsibility among all staff to lead activities and projects	0.702
	Lead_7	System figures dedicate time to building trust-based relationships with all staff members	0.746
	Lead_8	System figures ensure coordination between teacher groups, different locations, and areas of training	0.690
Knowledge sharing and learning system	Org_1	There are structured organizational processes for dialogue and knowledge sharing among the teaching staff	0.486	0.940	0.909	0.534
	Org_2	Evidence is collected to measure progress toward goals and identify the reasons for any issues	0.508
	Org_3	Teachers learn how to analyze and use data to improve educational processes	0.620
	Org_4	Teachers systematically analyze and use student data and learning outcomes to improve their practices	0.752
	Org_5	Teachers analyze examples of good practices, as well as failed practices, to learn from them	0.740
	Org_6	Teachers regularly discuss and verify whether actions have had the expected impact and adjust their approach if necessary	0.674
	Org_7	Different tools are used to facilitate communication between different groups and locations, chosen based on specific purposes and the target audience (instant messaging systems, electronic registers, websites, social networks, etc.)	0.504
	Org_8	The overall strategy for internal and external communication is constantly monitored to assess its effectiveness and adequacy to meet needs	0.600
	Org_9	Shared spaces are made available to teachers (e.g. digital and/or paper archives, online platforms, etc.) to collect and exchange teaching tools, materials, and best practices	0.459
Collaborative governance practices	Coll_Gov_1	External opportunities and challenges are consistently monitored to improve design and organization	0.598	0.938	0.912	0.599
	Coll_Gov _2	The school actively collaborates with local service networks to effectively address the educational needs of students	0.673
	Coll_Gov_3	The school actively collaborates with universities and research centers to enhance the learning of both staff and students	0.701
	Coll_Gov _4	The school actively collaborates with other external partners (administrations, training centers, foundations, associations, etc.) to create educational pathways integrated with the local community	0.681
	Coll_Gov _5	The school has network agreements and collaborates and shares projects and initiatives with other schools	0.653
	Coll_Gov _6	The school develops a communication plan to engage various external stakeholders	0.717
	Coll_Gov _7	The school identifies signs of distress in synergy with volunteer associations and organizations involved in social policies, to combat educational and social poverty	0.624
Collaborative culture	Coll_Cul_1	This school offers opportunities for staff to actively participate in decision-making	0.517	0.911	0.891	0.732
	Coll_Cul _2	This school has a culture of shared responsibility for school matters	0.591
	Coll_Cul _3	There is a collaborative school culture characterized by mutual support	0.459

Construct	Item	Question	EFA loadings	Cronbach's α	CR	AVE
Creation of public value	PV_1	This CPIA creates public value because it promotes the acquisition of essential basic skills by students	0.717	0.914	0.874	0.537
	PV_2	This CPIA creates public value because focuses on developing key competencies necessary for the evolving job market	0.615
	PV_3	This CPIA creates public value because is committed to the inclusion of all students, considering their social and cultural backgrounds	0.743
	PV_4	This CPIA creates public value because promotes the development of socio-emotional skills and supports student well-being	0.591
	PV_5	This CPIA creates public value because is oriented toward the development of transversal skills	0.578
	PV_6	This CPIA creates public value because is engaged in building local networks to foster adult skill development	0.517
Student-centered teaching processes	Teach_1	The school systematically collects feedback from its students to identify critical issues, strengths, and areas for improvement	0.630	0.918	0.885	0.568
	Teach_2	The school monitors the level of well- being and motivation of its students	0.610
	Teach_3	The school uses tools to assess the reasons for student dropout	0.673
	Teach_4	The Agorà systems are effective in keeping students engaged	0.599
	Teach_5	The school is able to re-motivate students at risk of dropping out through targeted actions	0.665
	Teach_6	The school staff shares with the students the results of assessments conducted on the effectiveness of the teaching processes implemented	0.617
Distributed leadership	Lead_1	System figures are selected based on recognition from their colleagues	0.482	0.939	0.917	0.592
	Lead_2	System figures are committed to facilitating both individual and group professional development activities	0.700
	Lead_3	System figures guide and support the teachers they coordinate	0.732
	Lead_4	System figures develop the potential of other colleagues so they can take on coordination roles themselves	0.726
	Lead_5	System figures provide all teaching staff with opportunities to participate in decision-making processes	0.699
	Lead_6	System figures promote responsibility among all staff to lead activities and projects	0.702
	Lead_7	System figures dedicate time to building trust-based relationships with all staff members	0.746
	Lead_8	System figures ensure coordination between teacher groups, different locations, and areas of training	0.690
Knowledge sharing and learning system	Org_1	There are structured organizational processes for dialogue and knowledge sharing among the teaching staff	0.486	0.940	0.909	0.534
	Org_2	Evidence is collected to measure progress toward goals and identify the reasons for any issues	0.508
	Org_3	Teachers learn how to analyze and use data to improve educational processes	0.620
	Org_4	Teachers systematically analyze and use student data and learning outcomes to improve their practices	0.752
	Org_5	Teachers analyze examples of good practices, as well as failed practices, to learn from them	0.740
	Org_6	Teachers regularly discuss and verify whether actions have had the expected impact and adjust their approach if necessary	0.674
	Org_7	Different tools are used to facilitate communication between different groups and locations, chosen based on specific purposes and the target audience (instant messaging systems, electronic registers, websites, social networks, etc.)	0.504
	Org_8	The overall strategy for internal and external communication is constantly monitored to assess its effectiveness and adequacy to meet needs	0.600
	Org_9	Shared spaces are made available to teachers (e.g. digital and/or paper archives, online platforms, etc.) to collect and exchange teaching tools, materials, and best practices	0.459
Collaborative governance practices	Coll_Gov_1	External opportunities and challenges are consistently monitored to improve design and organization	0.598	0.938	0.912	0.599
	Coll_Gov _2	The school actively collaborates with local service networks to effectively address the educational needs of students	0.673
	Coll_Gov_3	The school actively collaborates with universities and research centers to enhance the learning of both staff and students	0.701
	Coll_Gov _4	The school actively collaborates with other external partners (administrations, training centers, foundations, associations, etc.) to create educational pathways integrated with the local community	0.681
	Coll_Gov _5	The school has network agreements and collaborates and shares projects and initiatives with other schools	0.653
	Coll_Gov _6	The school develops a communication plan to engage various external stakeholders	0.717
	Coll_Gov _7	The school identifies signs of distress in synergy with volunteer associations and organizations involved in social policies, to combat educational and social poverty	0.624
Collaborative culture	Coll_Cul_1	This school offers opportunities for staff to actively participate in decision-making	0.517	0.911	0.891	0.732
	Coll_Cul _2	This school has a culture of shared responsibility for school matters	0.591
	Coll_Cul _3	There is a collaborative school culture characterized by mutual support	0.459

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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