Table 8. Critical state lines (CSLs)...

Table 8.

Critical state lines (CSLs) properties of tailings geomaterials

Tailings type	FC: %	Γ / ℓ	a/b/c	G_s	Μ	Main minerals	Transitional behaviour
CoT – copper (current study)	47·5		86S: 1·725/0·060/0·40	2·814	1·46 (TC)	17·9% Qtz; 28·4% Alb; 8·3% Feld; 4·9% Bio; 10·1% Chlo; 14·2% Acti; 6·3% Mag	Yes (TC)/No (SS)
			91S: 1·655/0·040/0·40
			95S: 1·618/0·030/0·40
			1·720/0·121/0·55		1·02 (SS)
CoP – copper (current study)	42·3	2·053/0·074		3·149	1·40 (TC)/0·99 (SS)	16·4% Qtz; 4·5% Alb; 3·9% Feld; 23·6% Bio; 15·4% Chlo; 12·0% Grun; 9·1% Gar; 7·9% Mag	No
Copper upper beach (Velten et al., 2024)	12·5		86 N: 1·93/0·05/0·55	2·844	1·50 (TC)	25·1% Qtz; 33·5% Feld; 8·4% Scp; 5·8% Amp; 5·8 Chlo; 5·3% Bio; 3·0% Mag	Yes
			91 N: 1·90/0·05/0·55
			95 N: 1·865/0·05/0·55
Copper lower beach (Velten et al., 2024)	25·5		86 N: 1·895/0·05/0·55	2·943	1·40 (TC)	25·1% Qtz; 33·5% Feld; 8·4% Scp; 5·8% Amp; 5·8 Chlo; 5·3% Bio; 3·0% Mag	Yes
			91 N: 1·865/0·05/0·55
			95 N: 1·830/0·05/0·55
Copper S1 (Vergaray et al., 2023)	15	2·013/0·045	1·924/0·096/0·421	2·70	1·55 (TC)		No
Copper S2 (Vergaray et al., 2023)	38	1·876/0·033	1·865/0·123/0·275	2·60	1·54 (TC)		No
Copper S3 (Vergaray et al., 2023)	75	1·860/0·033	1·742/0·022/0·856	2·75	1·49 (TC)		No
Copper TSF2 (Karim et al., 2023)	3	—	1·76/0·0769/0·54	2·682	(τ/σ′_N)_CS = 0·53 (DSS)	32% Qtz; 30% Alb; 23% Mu3T; 12% Micr; 2% Kaol; 1% clin	No
Deixing copper (Li, 2017)	95	1·84 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·126	1·92/0·070/0·42	3·75	1·43 (TC)	78% Fay; 22% Mag	No
Brazilian gold (Bedin et al., 2012)	65	1·89 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·206	1·955/0·070/0·65	2·89–3·20	1·33 (TC)	27% Qtz; 25% Alb; 35% Chlo	No
Brazilian gold (Li et al., 2018)	95	1·89 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·176	2·150/0·25/0·25	2·89	1·41 (TC)	27% Qtz; 25% Alb; 35% Chlo	No
Panzhihua UB – iron (Li, 2017)	19	1·79 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·252	1·795/0·090/0·39	3·37	1·41 (TC)	30% Dio; 32% Lab; 11% Hrb; 9% Chlo	No
Panzhihua MB – iron (Li, 2017)	68	1·81 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·152	1·875/0·080/0·39	3·14	1·36 (TC)	46% Dio; 40% Lab; 6% Hrb; 5% Chlo	No
Panzhihua PO — iron (Li, 2017)	93	1·76 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·185		3·11	1·40 (TC)	28% Dio; 24% Lab; 22% Hrb; 16% Chlo	No
Iron-flotation (Consoli et al., 2024)	38·6		2·00/0·15/0·245	2·83	1·30 (TC)	98·3% Qtz; 1·7% Haema	No
Iron-slimes (Consoli et al., 2024)	86·2		1·95/0·15/0·232	4·02	1·35 (TC)	54·8% Qtz; 42·3% Haema; 2·9% Kaol	No
Iron-S1 (Wagner et al., 2023)	52·2		1·86/0·045/0·46	3·05	1·40 (TC)/0·98 (TE)	76·2% Qtz; 20·9% Ioxi	No
Iron-S2 (Wagner et al., 2023)	33·3		1·74/0·045/0·46	2·97	1·35 (TC)/0·96 (TE)	78·4% Qtz; 17·2% Ioxi	No

Tailings type	FC: %	Γ / ℓ	a/b/c	G_s	Μ	Main minerals	Transitional behaviour
CoT – copper (current study)	47·5		86S: 1·725/0·060/0·40	2·814	1·46 (TC)	17·9% Qtz; 28·4% Alb; 8·3% Feld; 4·9% Bio; 10·1% Chlo; 14·2% Acti; 6·3% Mag	Yes (TC)/No (SS)
			91S: 1·655/0·040/0·40
			95S: 1·618/0·030/0·40
			1·720/0·121/0·55		1·02 (SS)
CoP – copper (current study)	42·3	2·053/0·074		3·149	1·40 (TC)/0·99 (SS)	16·4% Qtz; 4·5% Alb; 3·9% Feld; 23·6% Bio; 15·4% Chlo; 12·0% Grun; 9·1% Gar; 7·9% Mag	No
Copper upper beach (Velten et al., 2024)	12·5		86 N: 1·93/0·05/0·55	2·844	1·50 (TC)	25·1% Qtz; 33·5% Feld; 8·4% Scp; 5·8% Amp; 5·8 Chlo; 5·3% Bio; 3·0% Mag	Yes
			91 N: 1·90/0·05/0·55
			95 N: 1·865/0·05/0·55
Copper lower beach (Velten et al., 2024)	25·5		86 N: 1·895/0·05/0·55	2·943	1·40 (TC)	25·1% Qtz; 33·5% Feld; 8·4% Scp; 5·8% Amp; 5·8 Chlo; 5·3% Bio; 3·0% Mag	Yes
			91 N: 1·865/0·05/0·55
			95 N: 1·830/0·05/0·55
Copper S1 (Vergaray et al., 2023)	15	2·013/0·045	1·924/0·096/0·421	2·70	1·55 (TC)		No
Copper S2 (Vergaray et al., 2023)	38	1·876/0·033	1·865/0·123/0·275	2·60	1·54 (TC)		No
Copper S3 (Vergaray et al., 2023)	75	1·860/0·033	1·742/0·022/0·856	2·75	1·49 (TC)		No
Copper TSF2 (Karim et al., 2023)	3	—	1·76/0·0769/0·54	2·682	(τ/σ′_N)_CS = 0·53 (DSS)	32% Qtz; 30% Alb; 23% Mu3T; 12% Micr; 2% Kaol; 1% clin	No
Deixing copper (Li, 2017)	95	1·84 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·126	1·92/0·070/0·42	3·75	1·43 (TC)	78% Fay; 22% Mag	No
Brazilian gold (Bedin et al., 2012)	65	1·89 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·206	1·955/0·070/0·65	2·89–3·20	1·33 (TC)	27% Qtz; 25% Alb; 35% Chlo	No
Brazilian gold (Li et al., 2018)	95	1·89 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·176	2·150/0·25/0·25	2·89	1·41 (TC)	27% Qtz; 25% Alb; 35% Chlo	No
Panzhihua UB – iron (Li, 2017)	19	1·79 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·252	1·795/0·090/0·39	3·37	1·41 (TC)	30% Dio; 32% Lab; 11% Hrb; 9% Chlo	No
Panzhihua MB – iron (Li, 2017)	68	1·81 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·152	1·875/0·080/0·39	3·14	1·36 (TC)	46% Dio; 40% Lab; 6% Hrb; 5% Chlo	No
Panzhihua PO — iron (Li, 2017)	93	1·76 (Γ₁₀₀)/0·185		3·11	1·40 (TC)	28% Dio; 24% Lab; 22% Hrb; 16% Chlo	No
Iron-flotation (Consoli et al., 2024)	38·6		2·00/0·15/0·245	2·83	1·30 (TC)	98·3% Qtz; 1·7% Haema	No
Iron-slimes (Consoli et al., 2024)	86·2		1·95/0·15/0·232	4·02	1·35 (TC)	54·8% Qtz; 42·3% Haema; 2·9% Kaol	No
Iron-S1 (Wagner et al., 2023)	52·2		1·86/0·045/0·46	3·05	1·40 (TC)/0·98 (TE)	76·2% Qtz; 20·9% Ioxi	No
Iron-S2 (Wagner et al., 2023)	33·3		1·74/0·045/0·46	2·97	1·35 (TC)/0·96 (TE)	78·4% Qtz; 17·2% Ioxi	No

Note:

FC, fine content; Γ₁₀₀, intercept of CSL at p′= 100 kPa; Γ, intercept of linear CSL at p′= 1·0 kPa; ℓ, slope of linear CSL; a, intercept of curved CSL at p′ = 1·0 kPa; b, slope of curved CSL; c, exponent of curved CSL; G_s, specific gravity; ϕ′_cs, critical state friction angle; TC, triaxial compression; DSS, direct simple shear; SS, simple shear; Minerals: Qtz, quartz (tectosilicate); Feld, feldspar (tectosilicate); Alb, albite (feldspar group – tectosilicate); Lab, Labradorite (feldspar group – tectosilicate); Micr., microcline (feldspar group – tectosilicate); Scp, scapolite (tectosilicate); Mu3T, muscovite-3T (mica group – phyllosilicate); Chl, chlorite (chlorite group – phyllosilicate); Clin, clinochlore (chlorite group – phyllosilicate); Bio, biotite (mica group – phyllosilicate); Kaol, kaolinite (clay group – phyllosilicate); Acti, actinolite (amphibole group – inosilicate double chain); Grun, grunerite (amphibole group – inosilicate double chain); Amp, amphibole (inosilicate double chain); Hrb, hornblende (amphibole group – inosilicate double chain); Dio, diopside (pyroxene group – inosilicate single chain); Gar, garnet (nesosilicate); Fay, fayalite (Olivine group – nesosilicate); Mag, magnetite (iron oxide); Haem, haematite (iron oxide); Ioxi, Iron oxide; Cal, calcite (calcium carbonate); Dol, dolomite (calcium–magnesium carbonate)

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