Table 1

Summary of variable operationalisation, measurement and data sources

VariableRole in modelOperationalisationMeasurementSource
Globalisation degree (trade intensity)Dependent variableRatio of imports and exports to GDPContinuous variable transformed into country rankings (1–27)Observatory of Economic Complexity; World Bank
Artificial intelligence (AI) usageIndependent variableEnterprises using any AI technologyPercentage of enterprises; transformed into rankingsDigital Decade DESI
Big data usageIndependent variableEnterprises analysing big data from any data sourcePercentage of enterprises; transformed into rankingsDigital Decade DESI
Cloud computing usageIndependent variableEnterprises using at least one intermediate or advanced cloud computing service (e.g. ERP, CRM, database hosting, development platforms)Percentage of enterprises; transformed into rankingsDigital Decade DESI
Social media usageIndependent variableEnterprises using at least two social media tools (e.g. social networks, blogs, multimedia platforms, or knowledge-sharing tools)Percentage of enterprises; transformed into rankingsDigital Decade DESI
GDPControl variableGross Domestic Product at constant pricesAbsolute values transformed into rankingsWorld Bank
PopulationControl variableTotal resident populationAbsolute values transformed into rankingsWorld Bank
Source(s): Authors' own work
[ViewLarge]
This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

or Create an Account

Close subscription notice
Close access options