Table A1

IDM: Scaffolded inquiry and enrichment resources

Inquiry design model (IDM) Blueprint™
Compelling questionHow have Native Americans encountered and resisted colonialism since 1890?
Standards and practicesC3 Framework, Dimension 2
D2.Civ.5.9–12. Evaluate citizens' and institutions' effectiveness in addressing social and political problems at the local, state, tribal, national, and/or international level
D2.Geo.5.9–12. Evaluate how political and economic decisions throughout time have influenced cultural and environmental characteristics of various places and regions
D2.His.5.9–12. Analyze how historical contexts shaped and continue to shape people's perspectives
D2.His.14.9–12. Analyze multiple and complex causes and effects of events in the past
Staging the question

  1. Teacher-led reading of Prologue (Wounded Knee Massacre and background).

    Supporting video: Sitting Bull & Wounded Knee (PBS, 2023)

  2. Read Chapters 2, 5, and 7

  3. Answer and review responses to Guiding Questions ( Appendix 1)

Supporting question 1Supporting question 2Supporting question 3
How has the United States government attempted to solve the “Indian Problem?”How have Native Americans resisted efforts to undermine their sovereignty?What issues do Native American communities currently face in maintaining their culture and unity?
Formative performance task 1 (chapter 2, the “Indian Problem”)Formative performance task 2 (chapter 5, becoming Indian)Formative performance task 3 (chapter 7, digital Indians)
Analyze the effects of the Dawes Act and allotment policies on Native American land ownership, including the reservation system
Examine the aims, functions, and legacies of boarding schools		Describe the role of AIM in the occupation of Alcatraz and the siege at Wounded Knee (1973)
Analyze the Dakota Access Pipeline protests and their effect on modern Native American activism		Explain the importance of tribal language preservation
Understand Native youth perspectives on boarding schools
Evaluate the importance of McGirt v. Oklahoma for tribal sovereignty
Featured sourcesFeatured sourcesFeatured sources

  1. Dawes Act and Allotment (Origins at Ohio State University, 2024)

  2. How the US stole thousands of Native American children (Vox, 2019)

  3. Native American reservations explained (Geography Now, 2023)

  1. Occupation of Alcatraz (Retro Report, 2024)

  2. Wounded Knee, 1973 (Native American History Channel, 2022)

  3. Dakota Access Pipeline (Vox, 2016)

  1. Cherokee language preservation (For Our People, 2023)

  2. Boarding schools and Native youth today (Above the Noise, 2021)

  3. Fight over Native sovereignty In Oklahoma (Vice News, 2024)

Summative
Performance task		ArgumentConstruct a Zine that discusses the compelling question using specific claims and relevant evidence from the text and enrichment sources
Zine resources: Link to the website (Cornell, 2025)
ExtensionWrite a five-paragraph essay that answers the compelling. The three supporting questions in this IDM should be used as topics for each body paragraph
Taking informed actionUnderstand: The need for critical perspectives on Native American history, and its relationship to the visibility of perceptions of Native communities today
Assess: Opportunities for additional counternarratives about Native American history not chronicled in The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee
Act: Propose a new social studies standard that teaches about an event detailed in the text that demonstrates the importance of increased awareness of Native American history
Source(s):  Appendix 2 Author’s own creation
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