Table 1

CARDLG in the AI/LLM era: continuities, accelerations and ruptures

CARDLG dimensionContinuities (what persists)Accelerations (what intensifies)Ruptures (what Breaks from prior patterns)
Collections (C)Libraries already collect tools alongside content (databases, discovery systems)AI platforms compete with content budgets; tool collection becomes more central and expensiveModels contain hidden corpora libraries cannot audit; traditional collection ethics (known content) no longer apply
Access (A)Licensing and authentication are familiar infrastructural concernsUsage-based pricing and vendor lock-in intensify; access inequities may widenUser inputs/outputs (prompts, uploads) become data assets requiring governance – queries are now “content”
Retrieval (R)Opaque ranking algorithms not new (discovery layers, vendor indexes)Conversational interfaces intensify opacity; users see single answers not item listsRetrieval becomes generative – systems produce new text rather than pointing to existing resources
Description (D)Metadata work has always involved human judgment and embedded biasesAI can scale description work, reducing backlogs and increasing coverageProbabilistic outputs are nondeterministic; same input yields different results, undermining systematic error correction
Literacy (L)Critical evaluation of sources and systems has long been central to ILAI increases volume of plausible misinformation; users rely on summaries over sourcesUsers must evaluate system trustworthiness, not just source credibility – requires understanding training data, uncertainty, bias
Governance (G)Libraries have always navigated copyright, privacy, vendor negotiationsPlatform power asymmetry intensifies; vendors are now technology giants with misaligned valuesPlatform decisions about training data and algorithmic behavior occur at scales/speeds libraries cannot control; governance becomes reactive
Cross-cutting tensionsLibraries balance openness, innovation and stabilityPressure to adopt tools users expect conflicts with deliberative risk assessmentProprietary closed systems conflict with library values of openness; innovation speed outpaces governance capacity
Source(s): Author’s own work

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