Table 1 Descriptive statistics: small...

Table 1

Descriptive statistics: small economy simulation

Variable	Count	Unique	Top	Freq	Mean	Std	Min	25%	50%	75%	Max
True_Income	500				25.029	14.077	4.356	15.519	22.168	30.285	151.201
Observed_Education	500	3	Medium	169
Observed_Sector	500	3	Agriculture	175
Observed_Region	500	4	South	131
Predicted_Income_GNN	500				26.483	15.227	4.516	16.270	23.255	32.273	166.440
Tax_GNN	500				6.621	3.807	1.129	4.067	5.814	8.068	41.610
Tax_Benchmark	500				5.506	3.097	0.958	3.414	4.877	6.663	33.264
Post_Tax__ GNN	500				18.409	10.353	3.227	11.553	16.267	22.566	109.591
Post_Tax_Benchmark	500				19.523	10.980	3.398	12.105	17.291	23.622	117.937

Variable	Count	Unique	Top	Freq	Mean	Std	Min	25%	50%	75%	Max
True_Income	500				25.029	14.077	4.356	15.519	22.168	30.285	151.201
Observed_Education	500	3	Medium	169
Observed_Sector	500	3	Agriculture	175
Observed_Region	500	4	South	131
Predicted_Income_GNN	500				26.483	15.227	4.516	16.270	23.255	32.273	166.440
Tax_GNN	500				6.621	3.807	1.129	4.067	5.814	8.068	41.610
Tax_Benchmark	500				5.506	3.097	0.958	3.414	4.877	6.663	33.264
Post_Tax__ GNN	500				18.409	10.353	3.227	11.553	16.267	22.566	109.591
Post_Tax_Benchmark	500				19.523	10.980	3.398	12.105	17.291	23.622	117.937

Note(s): This table summarizes the key variables used in the simulation of the small developing economy. It includes true income, observed signals (education level, sector, region), GNN-predicted income, tax liabilities under both schemes and post-tax income. The distribution exhibits moderate income dispersion and relatively cohesive economic interactions

Source(s): Author's simulations based on synthetic data calibrated to household survey and administrative records

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