Table 5 Welfare and progressivity...

Table 5

Welfare and progressivity indicators

Metric	Small economy GNN	Small economy benchmark	Large economy GNN	Large economy benchmark
Avg utility	8.75	8.10	8.50	7.95
Max–min utility	5.12	4.20	4.90	4.05
Kakwani index	0.22	0.10	0.18	0.08
Suits index	0.18	0.06	0.15	0.04

Metric	Small economy GNN	Small economy benchmark	Large economy GNN	Large economy benchmark
Avg utility	8.75	8.10	8.50	7.95
Max–min utility	5.12	4.20	4.90	4.05
Kakwani index	0.22	0.10	0.18	0.08
Suits index	0.18	0.06	0.15	0.04

Note(s): This table reports average utility, the max-min payoff, the Kakwani index and the Suits index under both tax systems. Across all scenarios, the structure-based regime achieves higher welfare and lower regressivity, particularly in the small-economy case

Source(s): Author's simulations of welfare and progressivity indicators for small and large synthetic economies

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